Chapter 6

Question 1

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as objects of clauses

Answer 1

accusative

Question 2

a construction in which the semantic agent of a transitive verb is the grammatical subject

Answer 2

active voice

Question 3

a syntactic constituent headed by an adposition; includes prepositional phrases and postpositional phrases

Answer 3

adpositional phrase

Question 4

a dependent clause that is linked to a matrix clause by an adverbial conjunction or affix that specifies the semantic relationship between clauses, most commonly manner, time, location, quantity, condition, or cause.

Answer 4

adverbial clause

Question 5

free word or affix that specifies the semantic relationship between clauses, e.g., conditional (English if), causal (because), temporal (when)

Answer 5

adverbial conjunction or affix

Question 6

semantic case role denoting the volitional instigator (the “do‑er”) of an activity or event

Answer 6

agent

Question 7

a noun phrase holding a particular grammatical status in relation to a verb; can be core or oblique

Answer 7

argument

Question 8

semantic case role denoting an entity who benefits from an action

Answer 8

beneficiary

Question 9

syntactic unit typically consisting of a verb (in some languages within a verb phrase), its noun phrase arguments, and adverbial elements (usually adverbs and adpositional phrases)

Answer 9

clause

Question 10

dependent clauses that function as noun phrase arguments of verbs systematically and absolutely opposite contributions to the meaning of an expressed proposition: e.g., on/off, once/never, real/imaginary; can neither both be true nor both be false at any time; one is always true, and the other false

Answer 10

complement clauses

Question 11

a sentence with more than one clause

Answer 11

complex sentence

Question 12

a sub‑part of a higher unit

Answer 12

constituent

Question 13

the constituents of a unit and their structural relationships

Answer 13

constituent structure

Question 14

fixed grammatical patterns associated with particular functions

Answer 14

constructions

Question 15

the combination of two independent elements of the same type using a conjunction; in clause‑combining, refers to the formation of a complex sentence by linking two clauses using a conjunction; contrasts with subordination

Answer 15

coordination

Question 16

a special type of verb, such as be in English, which denotes a relation between two noun phrases (e.g., he is a teacher) or between a noun phrase and an adjective (e.g., he is tall)

Answer 16

copula

Question 17

a noun or adjective which is related to the subject in a copula clause

Answer 17

copula complement

Question 18

an argument that has a direct grammatical relationship with a verb

Answer 18

core argument

Question 19

two or more morphemes, words, or other linguistic forms that index (i.e., point to, refer to) the same entity (i.e., the referent, thing referred to)

Answer 19

coreference / coreferential

Question 20

a nominal case used with semantic recipient noun phrases of ditransitive verbs

Answer 20

dative

Question 21

an element that modifies and is structurally subordinate to a head; can refer to words, phrases, and clauses

Answer 21

dependent

Question 22

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior shared by the object of transitive verbs and the non‑recipient object of ditransitive verbs

Answer 22

direct object

Question 23

verbs that take at most three core arguments

Answer 23

ditransitive

Question 24

a construction in English and some other languages in which the two objects of a ditransitive verb are positioned directly following the verb, with the semantic recipient first; e.g., John gave Fred the book

Answer 24

double‑object construction

Question 25

semantic case role denoting an entity that experiences a physical or emotional state

Answer 25

experiencer

Question 26

linguistic theories that analyze structures independently of function, instead constructing a formal model of linguistic knowledge based on abstract categories, structures, and principles; the model is posited to represent a single Universal Grammar taken to be part of humankind’s genetic endowment

Answer 26

formal theory

Question 27

linguistic theory based on the premise that language is shaped by its role as a tool of human communication, including its embedding in general human cognition and its role in human social, cultural, and communicative interaction; focuses on both formal and functional properties of language; takes naturally occurring discourse as the primary source of data that has bearing on the central questions of the field

Answer 27

functional discourse‑based theory

Question 28

semantic case role denoting the endpoint of a motion trajectory

Answer 28

goal

Question 29

relationships between core arguments and verbs and that are marked by particular grammatical behaviors, such as agreement, case‑markers, or constraints on ordering

Answer 29

grammatical relations

Question 30

the element that determines the syntactic function of a phrase (e.g., a phrase headed by a noun is called a noun phrase and occupies the syntactic position of a noun within a clause); must be present for its modifiers or dependents to appear

Answer 30

head

Question 31

the noun in a noun phrase; typically mentioned in contrast to its dependents; sometimes specifically refers to the noun modified by a dependent relative clause

Answer 31

head noun

Question 32

grammatical relation pertaining only to the recipient object of ditransitive verbs

Answer 32

indirect object

Question 33

semantic case role denoting an entity that is used to perform an action

Answer 33

instrument

Question 34

verbs that take at most one core argument

Answer 34

intransitive

Question 35

a schematic representation of the hierarchical structure of a phrase, clause, or sentence; includes a labeled node for each phrase and labels for word classes

Answer 35

labeled tree diagram

Question 36

semantic relation of location and/or the grammatical marking of location by case; refers to static location when contrasting with categories of source and/or goal.

Answer 36

locative

Question 37

the grammatically primary clause in a complex sentence; the head clause upon which other clauses are dependent; similar to a main clause, but also implies a relationship with a dependent clause

Answer 37

matrix clause

Question 38

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as subjects of clauses

Answer 38

nominative

Question 39

a syntactic constituent headed by a noun or pronoun; optionally includes one or more dependent modifiers

Answer 39

noun phrase

Question 40

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior pertaining to the less agentive arguments of transitive and ditransitive verbs; includes direct objects and indirect objects

Answer 40

object

Question 41

complement clause that functions as the grammatical object of a verb

Answer 41

object complement

Question 42

noun phrase dependent on an adposition in an adpositional phrase

Answer 42

object of an adposition (preposition/postposition)

Question 43

argument that does not have a direct grammatical relationship with a verb; oblique arguments typically convey information external to the strict verbal semantics (such as spatial, temporal, or logical relations), so are often "optional" elements of the clause

Answer 43

oblique argument

Question 44

in English, compound verbs containing a verb plus a particle that historically developed from a preposition but no longer functions as one

Answer 44

particle verb

Question 45

a construction which allows the semantic patient to function as the grammatical subject of an intransitive clause; agentive arguments are either unexpressed or placed in an adpositional phrase

Answer 45

passive voice

Question 46

semantic case role denoting an entity that undergoes a change of state as the result of an activity or event

Answer 46

patient

Question 47

a structurally defined subpart of a sentence, including a head and optional dependents; used in Chapter 10 to a sequence of words within a single intonation unit

Answer 47

phrase

Question 48

a question that one could answer with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response; contrasts with content questions (also known as wh‑questions) that ask for a specific piece of information, such as when something will or did occur.

Answer 48

polar question

Question 49

(syntax) the central structural element of a clause, typically a verb, that determines the number and type of core arguments of the clause; (traditional) the portion of the clause that conveys information about the subject (e.g., the state or activity), typically consisting of the verb, its objects, adverbials, adjectives, or other modifiers;

Answer 49

predicate (i) (noun)

Question 50

(semantics) the part of a proposition that is actually proposed, 'put forth', i.e., predicated about a subject

Answer 50

predicate (ii) (verb)

Question 51

adjective that occurs as the primary element of the predicate, e.g., He is tall.

Answer 51

predicate adjective

Question 52

noun phrase that occurs as the primary element of the predicate, e.g., He is a millionaire.

Answer 52

predicate nominal

Question 53

a verb that can substitute for a verb phrase; e.g., English do

Answer 53

pro‑verb

Question 54

semantic case role denoting an entity that receives a theme

Answer 54

recipient

Question 55

the ability for a phrasal constituent to embed another phrasal constituent of the same type within it; e.g. the English prepositional phrases in the cat on the pillow in the corner of the room

Answer 55

recursion

Question 56

a dependent clause embedded in a noun phrase that modifies a noun

Answer 56

relative clause

Question 57

semantic (meaning) relationships between verbs and arguments; distinct from grammatical relationships

Answer 57

semantic case roles

Question 58

an integrated syntactic unit consisting of at least one clause and optionally adverbials that have scope over the sentence as a whole

Answer 58

sentence

Question 59

semantic case role denoting the beginning point of a motion trajectory

Answer 59

source

Question 60

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior shared by the single argument of an intransitive verb and the more agentive argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb, but not shared by other arguments

Answer 60

subject

Question 61

a word or affix that marks an adverbial subordinate clause by specifying the specific semantic relationship between the adverbial clause and the matrix clause (e.g., English if, because, when, although)

Answer 61

subordinating conjunction

Question 62

the set of grammatical structures that allow for the combination of words into phrases and sentences the study of such structures and the principles underlying them

Answer 62

syntax

Question 63

semantic case role denoting a location in time

Answer 63

temporal

Question 64

semantic case role denoting an entity undergoing motion or being located

Answer 64

theme

Question 65

verbs that take two core arguments

Answer 65

transitive

Question 66

property of a verb to take a particular number of arguments

Answer 66

transitivity (i)

Question 67

the extent to which a verb expresses an action that affects a participant

Answer 67

transitivity (ii)

Question 68

syntactic constituent consisting of a verb as the head of the phrase, and optional dependents including adverbs, prepositional phrases, object noun phrases, and indirect objects in prepositional phrases

Answer 68

verb phrase

Question 69

a grammatical construction providing alternate mappings between semantic roles and grammatical relations; includes active and passive

Answer 69

voice