Chapter 7 Flashcards
broadly, the relation between words with opposite meanings; narrowly, just the relation gradable contraries
antonymy
the meanings conventionally associated with a linguistic form; contrasts with utterance meaning
coded content
a pair of expressions that make
complementary antonyms (aka complemetaries)
compositionality (principle of): the idea that the meaning of a complex expression should be a regular function of the meanings of its parts
compositionality (principle of)
the study of how the meanings of complex expressions are built up from, or otherwise related to, the senses of their individual parts; also see lexical semantics
compositional semantics
a figure of thought that allows one complex frame to be conceptualized in terms of another frame; e.g., UP is GOOD (the evaluative frame associated with good is conceptualized in terms of the spatial frame associated with up)
conceptual metaphor
any effect or association arising from the use of a meaningful expression, aside from its reference; contrasts with an expression’s denotation, that is, its effects on reference
connotation
the process of understanding an expressed meaning; the imaginative enactment of propositional contents in the mind of a language user
construal
a pair of lexemes or other expressions that denote opposite ends on a scale of alternatives: e.g., short/tall, quiet/loud, eager/shy; cannot both be true at any time, but both may be false
contrary antonyms (aka contraries)
a customary way of doing something in a community; an arbitrary behavior that people adhere to because they expect others to do the same
convention
a pair of lexemes or other expressions that denote the same situation from differing or “opposite” perspectives, e.g., give/take, learn/teach, above/below
converse antonyms (aka converses)
words or constructions that point to some aspect of an utterance context, e.g., the place and time of an utterance (here, now), speaker (I), addressee (you)
deictic expressions
a symbolic pointing relation between a linguistic sign and its context of utterance
deixis
the thing, state or event that a linguistic expression refers to in the real world, or, more precisely, in some large set of possible worlds; the potential referents of an expression
denotation
a standard way of representing a mental or social lexicon as a list of lexemes ordered alphabetically by spelling, each with information about its uses, its senses, and its pronunciations
dictionary
those aspects of an expression’s meaning that reflect a speaker’s attitude toward or evaluation of what is spoken about
emotive content
the mental encyclopedia contains knowledge that supplements the lexicon and includes information not included in a lexeme’s semantic contents; more generally, encyclopedic knowledge encompasses both general and expert knowledge about the world
encyclopedias and encyclopedic knowledge
a relation between two propositions, P and Q, such that if P is true and P entails Q, then Q must also be true
entailment
a reusable linguistic form
expression
the depiction of a static situation—like a road over some terrain, or a sloping roof—as a path that one imaginatively travels; e.g., the road winds through the mountains, the roof slopes gently {up/down}
fictive motion
the background knowledge associated with an expression, distinct from its profile
frame, semantic
the participants and relations in a semantic frame
frame elements
lexemes or expressions that share the same form (in spelling, in pronunciation, or in both) but have different senses; e.g., sea and see
homonyms
a term, a, which is less specific than some other term, b, and which therefore has a broader denotation; thus move is a hypernym of walk, and cook is a hypernym of fry
hypernym
