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LING 305 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the person to whom an utterance is addressed (i.e. the person one is speaking to); sometimes referred to as “the hearer”

A

addressee

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2
Q

the field that considers how linguistics can be applied to situations in the world; includes language teaching, computational linguistics, forensic linguistics, language documentation, speech pathology, and speech and hearing sciences

A

applied linguistics

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3
Q

a person that speaks two different languages or a society where primarily two languages are spoken; contrasts with monolingual and multilingual

A

bilingual

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4
Q

the study of how language is related to how humans learn and process information

A

cognitive linguistics

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5
Q

the study of language and computers; includes speech recognition (computers recognizing human speech) and speech synthesis (computers producing speech)

A

computational linguistics

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6
Q

database containing collected recordings of spoken or written language

A

corpus: (pl. corpora)

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7
Q

a methodology for linguistic analysis which examines statistically significant patterns over very large sets of discourse data with the help of computers

A

corpus linguistics

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8
Q

an approach to language that describes how people actually use language without evaluating language use as either “right” or “wrong”

A

descriptive

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9
Q

the situation in which speakers of adjacent language varieties can understand each other, but speakers of geographically separated varieties cannot

A

dialect continuum

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10
Q

a stretch of language larger than a phrase or sentence, such as a narrative or conversation; the study of spontaneous speech in its natural context

A

discourse

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11
Q

based on observable or experimental data

A

empirical

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12
Q

the process by which young children come to know and use the language(s) of their caregivers

A

first language acquisition

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13
Q

the examination of linguistic evidence in legal proceedings

A

forensic linguistics

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14
Q

the morphology and syntax of a language, also known as morphosyntax

A

grammar

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15
Q

the study of how languages change over time, how languages are related, and how they have descended from a language spoken in the past; includes the study of language contact

A

historical linguistics

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16
Q

a mode of communication used by humans, usually spoken but also written or signed; distinguished from a dialect by mutual intelligibility: speakers of two separate languages are unable to understand each other

A

language

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17
Q

the study of how language is learned; includes first language acquisition (the study of how children learn their native language) and second language acquisition (the study of how speakers learn a language that is not their native tongue)

A

language acquisition

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18
Q

the field that examines the neurological basis of language

A

language and the brain

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19
Q

language innovation that spreads throughout a speech community to become a regular feature of the language

A

language change

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20
Q

efforts to keep a language alive within a speech community through finding ways to promote its use; often includes the development of materials to be used in education, as well as activities leading to language documentation

A

language conservation

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21
Q

the situation in which speakers of two or more distinct languages interact with each other, leading to changes in one or more of the languages

A

language contact

22
Q

the loss of a language that occurs when the last speaker of the language dies

A

language death

23
Q

a record of a language and how it is used by the speech community; typically involves the creation of an analyzed archive of recordings of authentic speech and frequently the production of a dictionary and grammar

A

language documentation

24
Q

efforts on the part of communities whose languages have been entirely lost or significantly reduced to increase the number of speakers and domains of use

A

language revitalization

25
Q

the passing on of a language from one generation to the next

A

language transmission

26
Q

the study of the kinds of meanings associated with individual expressions, including morphemes, lexemes, and idioms

A

lexical semantics

27
Q

a person who examines the structures of languages and the principles underlying those structures; one who practices linguistics

A

linguist

28
Q

the process of recognizing and analyzing systematic patterns in languages

A

linguistic analysis

29
Q

the scientific study of language

A

linguistics

30
Q

a linguist who studies the classifications of languages based on structure and looks for relationships between structural types

A

linguistic typologist

31
Q

the study of the internal structure of words and the principles underlying such structuring

A

morphology

32
Q

the morphology and syntax of a language and their interaction; also known as grammar

A

morphosyntax

33
Q

the ability of speakers of two or more language varieties to understand each other (a possible criterion for distinguishing language from dialect)

A

mutual intelligibility

34
Q

the study of the nervous system; for linguistics, the primary neurological domain of relevance is the brain

A

neurology

35
Q

unbiased; independent of preconceptions or evaluative judgments

A

objective

36
Q

the physical properties of sounds in language and the study of those properties

A

phonetics

37
Q

the systematic patterns of sounds in language and the study of those patterns

A

phonology

38
Q

a person who speaks many languages

A

polyglot

39
Q

the study of how context shapes our use and interpretation of linguistic expressions; the competence to draw from context plausible inferences, whichpreposition complement linguistic meanings

A

pragmatics

40
Q

an approach to language that sets out rules for “proper” grammar and classifies the use of particular linguistic features as “right” or “wrong”; contrasts with descriptive

A

prescriptive

41
Q

the study of how meanings of individual elements combine in clauses and sentences

A

propositional semantics

42
Q

the study of the processes by which people (children and adults) learn any language in addition to their first language

A

second language acquisition (SLA)

43
Q

the study of how linguistic forms make sense (have meaning); the relation between morphosyntactic forms and their coded semantic content

A

semantics

44
Q

the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language

A

sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)

45
Q

the study of the anatomy and physiology of hearing and communication, including development of speech and language

A

speech and hearing sciences

46
Q

a group of people who share a common language or dialect and cultural practices

A

speech community

47
Q

the study and treatment of speech disorders

A

speech pathology

48
Q

a prestige variety of a language that is implicitly or explicitly recognized as being the norm within a nation, often deliberately engineered and given legal status, and usually taught in schools and used in print and broadcast media

A

standard (language)

49
Q

the set of grammatical structures that allow for the combination of words into phrases and sentences the study of such structures and the principles underlying them

A

syntax

50
Q

the study of how the world’s languages are similar and different; includes classification of languages based on structure as well as positing relationships between structural types

A

typology and universals

LING 305 (15 decks)

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