Chapter 1 Flashcards
the person to whom an utterance is addressed (i.e. the person one is speaking to); sometimes referred to as “the hearer”
addressee
the field that considers how linguistics can be applied to situations in the world; includes language teaching, computational linguistics, forensic linguistics, language documentation, speech pathology, and speech and hearing sciences
applied linguistics
a person that speaks two different languages or a society where primarily two languages are spoken; contrasts with monolingual and multilingual
bilingual
the study of how language is related to how humans learn and process information
cognitive linguistics
the study of language and computers; includes speech recognition (computers recognizing human speech) and speech synthesis (computers producing speech)
computational linguistics
database containing collected recordings of spoken or written language
corpus: (pl. corpora)
a methodology for linguistic analysis which examines statistically significant patterns over very large sets of discourse data with the help of computers
corpus linguistics
an approach to language that describes how people actually use language without evaluating language use as either “right” or “wrong”
descriptive
the situation in which speakers of adjacent language varieties can understand each other, but speakers of geographically separated varieties cannot
dialect continuum
a stretch of language larger than a phrase or sentence, such as a narrative or conversation; the study of spontaneous speech in its natural context
discourse
based on observable or experimental data
empirical
the process by which young children come to know and use the language(s) of their caregivers
first language acquisition
the examination of linguistic evidence in legal proceedings
forensic linguistics
the morphology and syntax of a language, also known as morphosyntax
grammar
the study of how languages change over time, how languages are related, and how they have descended from a language spoken in the past; includes the study of language contact
historical linguistics
a mode of communication used by humans, usually spoken but also written or signed; distinguished from a dialect by mutual intelligibility: speakers of two separate languages are unable to understand each other
language
the study of how language is learned; includes first language acquisition (the study of how children learn their native language) and second language acquisition (the study of how speakers learn a language that is not their native tongue)
language acquisition
the field that examines the neurological basis of language
language and the brain
language innovation that spreads throughout a speech community to become a regular feature of the language
language change
efforts to keep a language alive within a speech community through finding ways to promote its use; often includes the development of materials to be used in education, as well as activities leading to language documentation
language conservation
the situation in which speakers of two or more distinct languages interact with each other, leading to changes in one or more of the languages
language contact
the loss of a language that occurs when the last speaker of the language dies
language death
a record of a language and how it is used by the speech community; typically involves the creation of an analyzed archive of recordings of authentic speech and frequently the production of a dictionary and grammar
language documentation
efforts on the part of communities whose languages have been entirely lost or significantly reduced to increase the number of speakers and domains of use
language revitalization
