Chapter 5

Question 1

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as objects of clauses

Answer 1

accusative

Question 2

word class whose members can occur either modifying a noun in a noun phrase or within a predicate; adjectives specify attributes of the referent of the associated noun

Answer 2

adjective

Question 3

word class that occurs with a noun phrase and that indicates the grammatical, spatial, temporal, or logical relationship of the noun phrase to another element of the clause; may be a preposition (which occurs before the noun) or a postposition (which occurs after the noun); typically particles

Answer 3

adposition

Question 4

cover term for words that are not lexical nouns, verbs, or adjectives, but that still have lexical (as opposed to grammatical) content

Answer 4

adverb

Question 5

type of inflection in which one word indexes semantic categories of another word

Answer 5

agreement

Question 6

a noun phrase holding a particular grammatical status in relation to a verb; can be core or oblique

Answer 6

argument

Question 7

a small class of grammatical particles that obligatorily occur in some noun phrases in some languages; often index the definiteness (identifiability) of a noun, e.g., the and a(n) in English

Answer 7

articles

Question 8

grammatical category that signals the temporal consistency of an event or state, e.g., ongoing, completed, or habitual; often (but not always) marked on verbs or indicated by auxiliaries

Answer 8

aspect

Question 9

small subclass of verbs with fixed positions and abstract meanings; typically appear along with or instead of a main verb

Answer 9

auxiliary verbs

Question 10

the incorporation of a word or grammatical element from one language into another

Answer 10

borrowing

Question 11

the morphological marking of the syntactic and (in some cases) semantic relations that hold between the noun phrases and the verb of a sentence

Answer 11

case

Question 12

word class whose members serve to classify a noun by shape, animacy, function, and/or other criteria

Answer 12

classifier

Question 13

closed word class: word class, whose members are often small in number, which is resistant to new members

Answer 13

closed word class

Question 14

class of words, typically particles, which conjoin two or more words, phrases, or clauses at the same level of structure

Answer 14

conjunctions

Question 15

a special type of verb, such as be in English, which denotes a relation between two noun phrases (e.g., he is a teacher) or between a noun phrase and an adjective (e.g., he is tall)

Answer 15

copula

Question 16

traditional grammar term for the phonological forms that result from morphological case inflections

Answer 16

declension

Question 17

grammatical marking on a noun phrase which indicates identifiability, i.e., the speaker believes the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English the); contrasts with indefinite

Answer 17

definite

Question 18

a small closed class of words that occur in the noun phrase and that have a deictic (“pointing”) function; typically differentiates proximal (e.g., this) and distal (e.g., that), in addition to other categories

Answer 18

demonstrative

Question 19

an element that modifies and is structurally subordinate to a head; can refer to words, phrases, and clauses

Answer 19

dependent

Question 20

a demonstrative word that indicates things farther from the speaker and hearer (e.g., English that)

Answer 20

distal demonstrative

Question 21

grammatical category (sometimes a word class) whose members indicate the source and/or certainty of knowledge communicated in a statement

Answer 21

evidential

Question 22

category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker and at least one other, but not the hearer; contrasts with inclusive

Answer 22

exclusive

Question 23

refers to the speaker; I

Answer 23

first person

Question 24

nominal case used when the noun is a possessor (brother’s book) or when the noun holds a similar relationship with another noun

Answer 24

genitive

Question 25

grammatical word classes: those classes whose words have more abstract meanings; often grammatically obligatory; contrasts with lexical word classes

Answer 25

grammatical word classes

Question 26

the element that determines the syntactic function of a phrase (e.g., a phrase headed by a noun is called a noun phrase and occupies the syntactic position of a noun within a clause); must be present for its modifiers or dependents to appear

Answer 26

head

Question 27

inclusive: category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker, hearer, and perhaps others; contrasts with exclusive

Answer 27

inclusive

Question 28

grammatical marking on a noun phrase that indicates non‑identifiability, i.e., the speaker does not believe the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English a); contrasts with definite

Answer 28

indefinite

Question 29

those classes whose words typically convey a wide range of concrete and often specific meanings; contrasts with grammatical word classes

Answer 29

lexical word classes

Question 30

the mental dictionary; the speaker’s knowledge of the words of a language and how they are used

Answer 30

lexicon

Question 31

semantic relation of location and/or the grammatical marking of location by case; refers to static location when contrasting with categories of source and/or goal.

Answer 31

locative

Question 32

the verb that carries the more concrete semantic information about the action, state, or relation described in a clause

Answer 32

main verb

Question 33

grammatical category marking the probability or reality of an utterance (e.g., declarative, subjunctive, interrogative, etc.)

Answer 33

mood

Question 34

syntactic or morphological marking of negative meaning (i.e., ‘not’)

Answer 34

negation

Question 35

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as subjects of clauses

Answer 35

nominative

Question 36

refers to a grammatically‑defined word class, whose members can function as the heads of noun phrases; typically denote entities or concepts

Answer 36

noun

Question 37

grammatical category which differentiates singular, plural, and sometimes dual or other number categories

Answer 37

number

Question 38

a word class often distinct from other quantifiers whose members indicate an exact quantity

Answer 38

numeral

Question 39

a classifier that occurs in expressions with numerals and sometimes other determiners

Answer 39

numeral classifier

Question 40

a class into which one can easily incorporate new members through borrowing or other word‑formation processes

Answer 40

open word class

Question 41

the set of forms that includes all possible morphological variants of a single word

Answer 41

paradigm

Question 42

an independent word which does not inflect (i.e., which has only a single morphological form)

Answer 42

particle

Question 43

word class whose members refer to a first‑person referent (the speaker), a second‑person referent (the addressee), or a third‑person referent (someone other than the speaker and addressee, but not semantically specific); typically distinguishes singular and plural (e.g., I, we); constitutes the sole element of a noun phrase

Answer 43

personal pronoun

Question 44

a grammatical number category indicating many; contrasts with singular and sometimes with dual

Answer 44

plural

Question 45

word class whose members comprise the sole element of a noun phrase, and so do not co‑occur with modifiers

Answer 45

pronoun

Question 46

demonstrative that indicates things closer to the speaker (e.g., English this); contrasts with distal demonstrative that indicates things closer to the addressee (e.g., English that)

Answer 46

proximal demonstrative

Question 47

morphological process, found in many languages, in which all ( full reduplication ) or part ( partial reduplication ) of a morpheme is repeated to signal a certain meaning

Answer 47

reduplication

Question 48

refers to the addressee; you

Answer 48

second person

Question 49

a grammatical number category indicating exactly one

Answer 49

singular

Question 50

grammatical category which differentiates time (e.g., past, present, future); often (but not always) marked on verbs

Answer 50

tense (i)

Question 51

an entity other than the speaker or addressee; he, she, it, they

Answer 51

third person

Question 52

a member of a class of words which function as the grammatical centers of predicates; typically denote actions, events, activities, or states

Answer 52

verb

Question 53

an independent, phonologically coherent linguistic unit containing one or more morphemes, which can fill a particular slot in a sentence

Answer 53

word

Question 54

class of words that share morphological and syntactic behavior, e.g., nouns, adjectives, or adpositions

Answer 54

word class