Chapter 5 Flashcards
a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as objects of clauses
accusative
word class whose members can occur either modifying a noun in a noun phrase or within a predicate; adjectives specify attributes of the referent of the associated noun
adjective
word class that occurs with a noun phrase and that indicates the grammatical, spatial, temporal, or logical relationship of the noun phrase to another element of the clause; may be a preposition (which occurs before the noun) or a postposition (which occurs after the noun); typically particles
adposition
cover term for words that are not lexical nouns, verbs, or adjectives, but that still have lexical (as opposed to grammatical) content
adverb
type of inflection in which one word indexes semantic categories of another word
agreement
a noun phrase holding a particular grammatical status in relation to a verb; can be core or oblique
argument
a small class of grammatical particles that obligatorily occur in some noun phrases in some languages; often index the definiteness (identifiability) of a noun, e.g., the and a(n) in English
articles
grammatical category that signals the temporal consistency of an event or state, e.g., ongoing, completed, or habitual; often (but not always) marked on verbs or indicated by auxiliaries
aspect
small subclass of verbs with fixed positions and abstract meanings; typically appear along with or instead of a main verb
auxiliary verbs
the incorporation of a word or grammatical element from one language into another
borrowing
the morphological marking of the syntactic and (in some cases) semantic relations that hold between the noun phrases and the verb of a sentence
case
word class whose members serve to classify a noun by shape, animacy, function, and/or other criteria
classifier
closed word class: word class, whose members are often small in number, which is resistant to new members
closed word class
class of words, typically particles, which conjoin two or more words, phrases, or clauses at the same level of structure
conjunctions
a special type of verb, such as be in English, which denotes a relation between two noun phrases (e.g., he is a teacher) or between a noun phrase and an adjective (e.g., he is tall)
copula
traditional grammar term for the phonological forms that result from morphological case inflections
declension
grammatical marking on a noun phrase which indicates identifiability, i.e., the speaker believes the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English the); contrasts with indefinite
definite
a small closed class of words that occur in the noun phrase and that have a deictic (“pointing”) function; typically differentiates proximal (e.g., this) and distal (e.g., that), in addition to other categories
demonstrative
an element that modifies and is structurally subordinate to a head; can refer to words, phrases, and clauses
dependent
a demonstrative word that indicates things farther from the speaker and hearer (e.g., English that)
distal demonstrative
grammatical category (sometimes a word class) whose members indicate the source and/or certainty of knowledge communicated in a statement
evidential
category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker and at least one other, but not the hearer; contrasts with inclusive
exclusive
refers to the speaker; I
first person
nominal case used when the noun is a possessor (brother’s book) or when the noun holds a similar relationship with another noun
genitive
grammatical word classes: those classes whose words have more abstract meanings; often grammatically obligatory; contrasts with lexical word classes
grammatical word classes
the element that determines the syntactic function of a phrase (e.g., a phrase headed by a noun is called a noun phrase and occupies the syntactic position of a noun within a clause); must be present for its modifiers or dependents to appear
head
inclusive: category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker, hearer, and perhaps others; contrasts with exclusive
inclusive
grammatical marking on a noun phrase that indicates non‑identifiability, i.e., the speaker does not believe the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English a); contrasts with definite
indefinite
those classes whose words typically convey a wide range of concrete and often specific meanings; contrasts with grammatical word classes
lexical word classes
the mental dictionary; the speaker’s knowledge of the words of a language and how they are used
lexicon
semantic relation of location and/or the grammatical marking of location by case; refers to static location when contrasting with categories of source and/or goal.
locative
the verb that carries the more concrete semantic information about the action, state, or relation described in a clause
main verb
grammatical category marking the probability or reality of an utterance (e.g., declarative, subjunctive, interrogative, etc.)
mood
syntactic or morphological marking of negative meaning (i.e., ‘not’)
negation
a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as subjects of clauses
nominative
refers to a grammatically‑defined word class, whose members can function as the heads of noun phrases; typically denote entities or concepts
noun
grammatical category which differentiates singular, plural, and sometimes dual or other number categories
number
a word class often distinct from other quantifiers whose members indicate an exact quantity
numeral
a classifier that occurs in expressions with numerals and sometimes other determiners
numeral classifier
a class into which one can easily incorporate new members through borrowing or other word‑formation processes
open word class
the set of forms that includes all possible morphological variants of a single word
paradigm
an independent word which does not inflect (i.e., which has only a single morphological form)
particle
word class whose members refer to a first‑person referent (the speaker), a second‑person referent (the addressee), or a third‑person referent (someone other than the speaker and addressee, but not semantically specific); typically distinguishes singular and plural (e.g., I, we); constitutes the sole element of a noun phrase
personal pronoun
a grammatical number category indicating many; contrasts with singular and sometimes with dual
plural
word class whose members comprise the sole element of a noun phrase, and so do not co‑occur with modifiers
pronoun
demonstrative that indicates things closer to the speaker (e.g., English this); contrasts with distal demonstrative that indicates things closer to the addressee (e.g., English that)
proximal demonstrative
morphological process, found in many languages, in which all ( full reduplication ) or part ( partial reduplication ) of a morpheme is repeated to signal a certain meaning
reduplication
refers to the addressee; you
second person
a grammatical number category indicating exactly one
singular
grammatical category which differentiates time (e.g., past, present, future); often (but not always) marked on verbs
tense (i)
an entity other than the speaker or addressee; he, she, it, they
third person
a member of a class of words which function as the grammatical centers of predicates; typically denote actions, events, activities, or states
verb
an independent, phonologically coherent linguistic unit containing one or more morphemes, which can fill a particular slot in a sentence
word
class of words that share morphological and syntactic behavior, e.g., nouns, adjectives, or adpositions
word class
