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LING 305 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as objects of clauses

A

accusative

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2
Q

word class whose members can occur either modifying a noun in a noun phrase or within a predicate; adjectives specify attributes of the referent of the associated noun

A

adjective

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3
Q

word class that occurs with a noun phrase and that indicates the grammatical, spatial, temporal, or logical relationship of the noun phrase to another element of the clause; may be a preposition (which occurs before the noun) or a postposition (which occurs after the noun); typically particles

A

adposition

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4
Q

cover term for words that are not lexical nouns, verbs, or adjectives, but that still have lexical (as opposed to grammatical) content

A

adverb

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5
Q

type of inflection in which one word indexes semantic categories of another word

A

agreement

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6
Q

a noun phrase holding a particular grammatical status in relation to a verb; can be core or oblique

A

argument

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7
Q

a small class of grammatical particles that obligatorily occur in some noun phrases in some languages; often index the definiteness (identifiability) of a noun, e.g., the and a(n) in English

A

articles

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8
Q

grammatical category that signals the temporal consistency of an event or state, e.g., ongoing, completed, or habitual; often (but not always) marked on verbs or indicated by auxiliaries

A

aspect

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9
Q

small subclass of verbs with fixed positions and abstract meanings; typically appear along with or instead of a main verb

A

auxiliary verbs

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10
Q

the incorporation of a word or grammatical element from one language into another

A

borrowing

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11
Q

the morphological marking of the syntactic and (in some cases) semantic relations that hold between the noun phrases and the verb of a sentence

A

case

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12
Q

word class whose members serve to classify a noun by shape, animacy, function, and/or other criteria

A

classifier

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13
Q

closed word class: word class, whose members are often small in number, which is resistant to new members

A

closed word class

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14
Q

class of words, typically particles, which conjoin two or more words, phrases, or clauses at the same level of structure

A

conjunctions

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15
Q

a special type of verb, such as be in English, which denotes a relation between two noun phrases (e.g., he is a teacher) or between a noun phrase and an adjective (e.g., he is tall)

A

copula

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16
Q

traditional grammar term for the phonological forms that result from morphological case inflections

A

declension

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17
Q

grammatical marking on a noun phrase which indicates identifiability, i.e., the speaker believes the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English the); contrasts with indefinite

A

definite

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18
Q

a small closed class of words that occur in the noun phrase and that have a deictic (“pointing”) function; typically differentiates proximal (e.g., this) and distal (e.g., that), in addition to other categories

A

demonstrative

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19
Q

an element that modifies and is structurally subordinate to a head; can refer to words, phrases, and clauses

A

dependent

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20
Q

a demonstrative word that indicates things farther from the speaker and hearer (e.g., English that)

A

distal demonstrative

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21
Q

grammatical category (sometimes a word class) whose members indicate the source and/or certainty of knowledge communicated in a statement

A

evidential

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22
Q

category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker and at least one other, but not the hearer; contrasts with inclusive

A

exclusive

23
Q

refers to the speaker; I

A

first person

24
Q

nominal case used when the noun is a possessor (brother’s book) or when the noun holds a similar relationship with another noun

A

genitive

25
Q

grammatical word classes: those classes whose words have more abstract meanings; often grammatically obligatory; contrasts with lexical word classes

A

grammatical word classes

26
Q

the element that determines the syntactic function of a phrase (e.g., a phrase headed by a noun is called a noun phrase and occupies the syntactic position of a noun within a clause); must be present for its modifiers or dependents to appear

A

head

27
Q

inclusive: category used in first‑person plural reference to include the speaker, hearer, and perhaps others; contrasts with exclusive

A

inclusive

28
Q

grammatical marking on a noun phrase that indicates non‑identifiability, i.e., the speaker does not believe the addressee will be able to identify the referent; can be marked using an article (e.g., English a); contrasts with definite

A

indefinite

29
Q

those classes whose words typically convey a wide range of concrete and often specific meanings; contrasts with grammatical word classes

A

lexical word classes

30
Q

the mental dictionary; the speaker’s knowledge of the words of a language and how they are used

A

lexicon

31
Q

semantic relation of location and/or the grammatical marking of location by case; refers to static location when contrasting with categories of source and/or goal.

A

locative

32
Q

the verb that carries the more concrete semantic information about the action, state, or relation described in a clause

A

main verb

33
Q

grammatical category marking the probability or reality of an utterance (e.g., declarative, subjunctive, interrogative, etc.)

A

mood

34
Q

syntactic or morphological marking of negative meaning (i.e., ‘not’)

A

negation

35
Q

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as subjects of clauses

A

nominative

36
Q

refers to a grammatically‑defined word class, whose members can function as the heads of noun phrases; typically denote entities or concepts

A

noun

37
Q

grammatical category which differentiates singular, plural, and sometimes dual or other number categories

A

number

38
Q

a word class often distinct from other quantifiers whose members indicate an exact quantity

A

numeral

39
Q

a classifier that occurs in expressions with numerals and sometimes other determiners

A

numeral classifier

40
Q

a class into which one can easily incorporate new members through borrowing or other word‑formation processes

A

open word class

41
Q

the set of forms that includes all possible morphological variants of a single word

A

paradigm

42
Q

an independent word which does not inflect (i.e., which has only a single morphological form)

A

particle

43
Q

word class whose members refer to a first‑person referent (the speaker), a second‑person referent (the addressee), or a third‑person referent (someone other than the speaker and addressee, but not semantically specific); typically distinguishes singular and plural (e.g., I, we); constitutes the sole element of a noun phrase

A

personal pronoun

44
Q

a grammatical number category indicating many; contrasts with singular and sometimes with dual

A

plural

45
Q

word class whose members comprise the sole element of a noun phrase, and so do not co‑occur with modifiers

A

pronoun

46
Q

demonstrative that indicates things closer to the speaker (e.g., English this); contrasts with distal demonstrative that indicates things closer to the addressee (e.g., English that)

A

proximal demonstrative

47
Q

morphological process, found in many languages, in which all ( full reduplication ) or part ( partial reduplication ) of a morpheme is repeated to signal a certain meaning

A

reduplication

48
Q

refers to the addressee; you

A

second person

49
Q

a grammatical number category indicating exactly one

A

singular

50
Q

grammatical category which differentiates time (e.g., past, present, future); often (but not always) marked on verbs

A

tense (i)

51
Q

an entity other than the speaker or addressee; he, she, it, they

A

third person

52
Q

a member of a class of words which function as the grammatical centers of predicates; typically denote actions, events, activities, or states

A

verb

53
Q

an independent, phonologically coherent linguistic unit containing one or more morphemes, which can fill a particular slot in a sentence

A

word

54
Q

class of words that share morphological and syntactic behavior, e.g., nouns, adjectives, or adpositions

A

word class

LING 305 (15 decks)

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