Chapter 11 Flashcards
the phonological characteristics of a speaker’s variety
accent
a construction in which the semantic agent of a transitive verb is the grammatical subject
active voice
a variety of English spoken primarily by African Americans; it is overwhelmingly similar to other varieties of English but contains a number of distinctive grammatical, phonological, and lexical features
African American English (AAE)
in socio‑linguistics, code‑switching that occurs between clauses
alternation (ii)
able to speak two dialects
bidialectal
the use of two or more languages in the same interaction or utterance, while conforming to the phonological and grammatical system of each language
code‑switching
a social group that jointly engages in culturally meaningful activities and often develops distinctive ways of speaking
community of practice
a variety of a language that is characteristic of a group defined on the basis of geographic or social factors, and that is mutually intelligible with other dialects of the same language despite differences in phonology or grammar
dialect
a multidialectal or multilingual situation in which two varieties of speech (either dialects or languages) are used in different social domains; if three or more languages or dialects are involved, the term multiglossia is used
diglossia
a lexical item that is independent of the grammar of the clause but performs discourse‑level or interactional functions
discourse marker
code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker
discourse‑marker switch
In English, the use of uninflected be as an aspectual marker indicating habitual or repeated activity, rather than as a copula
habitual be
the social positioning of self and other, including demographic categories, styles, relational roles, interactional roles, stances, and personas
identity
in socio‑cultural linguistics, to use language symbolically to convey a social meaning
index (ii) (verb)
the use of language to convey a context‑specific meaning
indexicality
code‑switching of a lexical item within a single clause
insertion (ii)
a role within social interaction that performs a specific linguistic activity such as narrating, asking a question, etc.
interactional role
the L2 language system created by a learner; the combination of structural elements of a language learner’s first and second languages that results from the learner’s incomplete mastery of the second language
interlanguage
a culturally shared belief or attitude about language and its users
language ideology
use of identical inflection across different forms of the same lexical item
leveling
(verb) the phonological and grammatical integration of a lexical item from one language into another language; (noun) a loanword from a lexical word class
lexical borrowing
linguistic feature: a specific form used by a speaker at any linguistic level, including the pronunciation of a specific vowel or consonant, the use of a particular grammatical structure, a certain lexical choice, or a particular interactional practice
linguistic feature
the range of linguistic varieties available to a speaker
linguistic repertoire
a cover term for any type of linguistic system with characteristic phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, including languages, dialects, registers, and styles
linguistic variety
a word that has been borrowed into one language from another language; see borrowing
loanword
a person who speaks one language, or a society in which one only language is spoken (the latter situation is rare); contrasts with bilingual and multilingual
monolingual
a person who speaks three or more languages or a society in which multiple languages are spoken; contrasts with monolingual and bilingual
multilingual
the marking of negation in more than one possible grammatical position
negative concord
in English, a wh‑question in which the subject precedes the verb
non‑inverted question
relating to the pronunciation of /r/ as a vowel
nonrhotic
a social type that may be associated with particular personal attributes or with a broader social group
persona
the pronunciation of /r/ after a vowel; in American English, the r‑less variant is found in African American English and in the Southern and Eastern United States
postvocalic /r/
within a single language, variability is inherent based on social, situational, and other factors
principle of language variation
many different languages are spoken around the world, and often more than one language is used in a single community or in interactions between communities
principle of linguistic diversity
particular prosodic patterns associated with particular individuals or with particular speech usages such as oratory or acting
prosodic styles
a variety that is associated with the specialized activities of a particular group
register
a social or cultural role that carries with it a set of social rights, obligations, relationships, and areas of expertise
relational role
relating to the pronunciation of /r/
rhotic
a set of rapidly changing lexical items often associated with youth and casual social contexts
slang
the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language
sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)
a linguistic feature that varies either across speakers or in the speech of a single speaker
sociolinguistic variable
one of the alternate forms of the same sociolinguistic variable, conditioned by linguistic and/or social factors
sociolinguistic variant
an interactional position that linguistically indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the talk and toward his or her interlocutors at a given moment
stance
a prestige variety of a language that is implicitly or explicitly recognized as being the norm within a nation, often deliberately‑engineered and given legal status, and usually taught in schools and used in print and broadcast media
standard (language)
a socially distinctive way of doing things, including a distinctive way of using language
style
individual speaker’s alternation between different varieties of the same language based on social context
style-shifting
code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker
tag-switching
the linguistic variety used in everyday speech in casual settings
vernacular
a language ideology regarding how women are expected to speak
“women’s language”
absence of an auxiliary verb that is typically overtly expressed
zero auxiliary
absence of a copula verb that is typically overtly expressed
zero copula
