Chapter 2

Question 1

the study of the physical characteristics of speech sounds, such as duration, frequency, and intensity

Answer 1

acoustic phonetics

Question 2

an articulator which moves in the production of a sound; contrasts with passive articulator

Answer 2

active articulator

Question 3

sound produced by combining a stop with a following fricative in rapid succession

Answer 3

affricate

Question 4

sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge

Answer 4

alveolar

Question 5

the hard ridge just behind the teeth before the upper surface of the mouth becomes more domed in shape

Answer 5

alveolar ridge

Question 6

sound produced through a slight narrowing of the vocal tract, but not enough to cause noise or a complete obstruction

Answer 6

approximant

Question 7

the study of how the vocal organs produce speech

Answer 7

articulatory phonetics

Question 8

the study of perception of phonetic properties of speech by the auditory system

Answer 8

auditory phonetics

Question 9

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on how far back the raised part of the tongue is during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be front, back, or central

Answer 9

backness

Question 10

sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure of the upper and lower lip

Answer 10

bilabial

Question 11

a level of phonetic transcription where detailed nuance (such as nasalization of vowels before nasal consonants) is not transcribed; contrasts with narrow transcription

Answer 11

broad phonetic transcription

Question 12

sound produced so that air flows through the center of the mouth rather than over the sides of the tongue; contrasts with lateral

Answer 12

central

Question 13

articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first

Answer 13

co‑articulation: articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first

Question 14

consonant that follows the nucleus within the syllable

Answer 14

coda

Question 15

sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth

Answer 15

dental

Question 16

a combination of vowels that functions as a single unit in the sound system; contrasts with monophthong

Answer 16

diphthong

Question 17

sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the flap; sometimes also referred to as a tap

Answer 17

flap

Question 18

sound in which the two articulators are close together, but not so tightly occluded that no air can escape through the mouth

Answer 18

fricative

Question 19

the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch

Answer 19

fundamental frequency

Question 20

referring to the glottis or vocal folds; a sound made with the glottis as the place of articulation

Answer 20

glottal

Question 21

a secondary articulation involving the production of a glottal constriction in conjunction with one or more non‑glottal segments

Answer 21

glottalization

Question 22

a stoppage of voicing created by blocking off all airflow through the larynx by closing the glottis

Answer 22

glottal stop

Question 23

within the larynx, the space between the vocal cords which opens and closes when the vocal cords vibrate; controls voicing and other aspects of phonation

Answer 23

glottis

Question 24

the hard portion of the upper surface of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge

Answer 24

hard palate

Question 25

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on height of the tongue during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be high, low, or mid

Answer 25

height

Question 26

consonant sound made by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth

Answer 26

interdental

Question 27

the changes in fundamental frequency (perceived as pitch) that occur during a phrase or utterance; adds meaning to spoken discourse

Answer 27

intonation

Question 28

sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure between the upper teeth and the lower lip

Answer 28

labiodental

Question 29

the part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds; located behind the thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple)

Answer 29

larynx

Question 30

sound produced with a closure only in the center of the mouth so that air flows over the side(s) of the tongue; contrasts with central

Answer 30

lateral

Question 31

phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned towards the center of the vowel space; contrasts with tense; tense vowels tend to be shorter than lax vowels

Answer 31

lax

Question 32

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on whether the lips are rounded during articulation; may be rounded or unrounded

Answer 32

lip rounding

Question 33

category of sounds which includes lateral approximants and r‑type sounds

Answer 33

liquid

Question 34

degree of narrowness of the constriction in the vocal tract involved in producing sound; can vary from slight narrowing (for approximants) to complete blockage (for stops)

Answer 34

manner of articulation

Question 35

vowel produced with a single articulatory configuration; contrasts with diphthong

Answer 35

monophthong

Question 36

a phonetic transcription that seeks to record as much detail as possible, for example, transcribing nasalized vowels before nasal consonants where a broad phonetic transcription might not

Answer 36

narrow phonetic transcription

Question 37

sound produced with air passing through the nose; contrasts with oral

Answer 37

nasal

Question 38

the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the syllable peak

Answer 38

nucleus

Question 39

category of sounds which includes oral stops, affricates, and fricatives

Answer 39

obstruent

Question 40

consonant that precedes the nucleus within the syllable

Answer 40

onset

Question 41

sound produced with air passing through the mouth only; contrasts with nasal

Answer 41

oral

Question 42

writing system; see also practical orthography

Answer 42

orthography

Question 43

sound made with the tongue contacting the center of the hard palate

Answer 43

palatal

Question 44

sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as post‑alveolar

Answer 44

palato‑alveolar

Question 45

an articulator which remains stationary in the production of a sound; contrasts with active articulator; includes teeth, upper surface of the vocal tract, etc.

Answer 45

passive articulator

Question 46

the part of the vocal tract above the larynx and behind the oral cavity (roughly the throat above the larynx)

Answer 46

pharynx

Question 47

the physical properties of sounds in language and the study of those properties

Answer 47

phonetics

Question 48

the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency

Answer 48

pitch

Question 49

the location within the vocal tract at which air flow is obstructed to produce a sound; refers to the articulator(s) involved in producing the sound (e.g., bilabial, dental, alveolar, etc.)

Answer 49

place of articulation

Question 50

sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as palato‑alveolar

Answer 50

post‑alveolar

Question 51

the syllable in a word that has the most acoustic prominence; contrasts with secondary stress and unstressed

Answer 51

primary stress

Question 52

a place of articulation for consonants, produced with the tip of the tongue curled backwards toward the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge

Answer 52

retroflex

Question 53

a mid central lax unrounded vowel, closest to the neutral position of the tongue at rest, as in the first vowel of apart; represented in the IPA as [?]

Answer 53

schwa

Question 54

one or more syllables in a word that are less prominent than the syllable with primary stress, but more prominent than unstressed syllables

Answer 54

secondary stress

Question 55

a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals

Answer 55

segments

Question 56

soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the velum

Answer 56

soft palate

Question 57

category of sound that includes nasals and all approximants, both lateral and central

Answer 57

sonorant

Question 58

consonant sound that involves a complete closure of the vocal tract

Answer 58

stop

Question 59

the relative prominence of different syllables in a word; typically measured in terms of duration, intensity, and/or fundamental frequency; includes primary stress (the syllable that carries the main stress in the word) and secondary stress (stress that is not as strong as the primary stress but stronger than completely unstressed syllables)

Answer 59

stress

Question 60

noisy sound (typically a fricative or affricate) which involves the funneling of air against the back of the teeth

Answer 60

strident

Question 61

the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea

Answer 61

the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea

Question 62

the portion of the vocal tract located above the larynx; contains most of the physiological structures that are manipulated in speech

Answer 62

supralaryngeal vocal tract

Question 63

phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.

Answer 63

suprasegmental

Question 64

a consonant that functions as a syllable peaks; e.g., the second syllable of ‘little’, [l], or the second syllable of ‘butter’, [?]

Answer 64

syllabic consonant

Question 65

linguistic grouping that consists of a single peak, which may be flanked on one or both sides by consonants

Answer 65

syllable

Question 66

the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the nucleus

Answer 66

syllable peak

Question 67

sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the tap; sometimes also referred to as a flap

Answer 67

tap

Question 68

phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned in the periphery of the vowel space; contrasts with lax; tense vowels tend to be longer than lax vowels

Answer 68

tense (ii)

Question 69

with backness and height one of three main dimensions for describing vowels, based on peripherality of tongue position and length; encompasses tense and lax

Answer 69

tenseness

Question 70

language in which fundamental frequency (or its perceptual correlate, pitch) plays an important part in distinguishing between words with different meanings; i.e., languages where pitch is phonemic

Answer 70

tone (tonal) language

Question 71

consonant produced by the back of the tongue coming into contact with or approximating the uvula (the appendage which hangs down in the back of the oral cavity)

Answer 71

uvular

Question 72

consonant produced by contact between the back of the tongue and the velum (soft palate)

Answer 72

velar

Question 73

soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the soft palate

Answer 73

velum

Question 74

any consonant or vowel sound produced with vibration of the vocal folds

Answer 74

voiced consonant or vowel

Question 75

any consonant or vowel sound produced without vibration of the vocal folds

Answer 75

voiceless consonant or vowel

Question 76

the effect produced by the vibration of the vocal folds

Answer 76

voicing