Chapter 2 Flashcards
the study of the physical characteristics of speech sounds, such as duration, frequency, and intensity
acoustic phonetics
an articulator which moves in the production of a sound; contrasts with passive articulator
active articulator
sound produced by combining a stop with a following fricative in rapid succession
affricate
sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge
alveolar
the hard ridge just behind the teeth before the upper surface of the mouth becomes more domed in shape
alveolar ridge
sound produced through a slight narrowing of the vocal tract, but not enough to cause noise or a complete obstruction
approximant
the study of how the vocal organs produce speech
articulatory phonetics
the study of perception of phonetic properties of speech by the auditory system
auditory phonetics
parameter for describing vowel sounds based on how far back the raised part of the tongue is during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be front, back, or central
backness
sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure of the upper and lower lip
bilabial
a level of phonetic transcription where detailed nuance (such as nasalization of vowels before nasal consonants) is not transcribed; contrasts with narrow transcription
broad phonetic transcription
sound produced so that air flows through the center of the mouth rather than over the sides of the tongue; contrasts with lateral
central
articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first
co‑articulation: articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first
consonant that follows the nucleus within the syllable
coda
sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth
dental
a combination of vowels that functions as a single unit in the sound system; contrasts with monophthong
diphthong
sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the flap; sometimes also referred to as a tap
flap
sound in which the two articulators are close together, but not so tightly occluded that no air can escape through the mouth
fricative
the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch
fundamental frequency
referring to the glottis or vocal folds; a sound made with the glottis as the place of articulation
glottal
a secondary articulation involving the production of a glottal constriction in conjunction with one or more non‑glottal segments
glottalization
a stoppage of voicing created by blocking off all airflow through the larynx by closing the glottis
glottal stop
within the larynx, the space between the vocal cords which opens and closes when the vocal cords vibrate; controls voicing and other aspects of phonation
glottis
the hard portion of the upper surface of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge
hard palate
parameter for describing vowel sounds based on height of the tongue during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be high, low, or mid
height
consonant sound made by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth
interdental
the changes in fundamental frequency (perceived as pitch) that occur during a phrase or utterance; adds meaning to spoken discourse
intonation
sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure between the upper teeth and the lower lip
labiodental
the part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds; located behind the thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple)
larynx
sound produced with a closure only in the center of the mouth so that air flows over the side(s) of the tongue; contrasts with central
lateral
phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned towards the center of the vowel space; contrasts with tense; tense vowels tend to be shorter than lax vowels
lax
parameter for describing vowel sounds based on whether the lips are rounded during articulation; may be rounded or unrounded
lip rounding
category of sounds which includes lateral approximants and r‑type sounds
liquid
degree of narrowness of the constriction in the vocal tract involved in producing sound; can vary from slight narrowing (for approximants) to complete blockage (for stops)
manner of articulation
vowel produced with a single articulatory configuration; contrasts with diphthong
monophthong
a phonetic transcription that seeks to record as much detail as possible, for example, transcribing nasalized vowels before nasal consonants where a broad phonetic transcription might not
narrow phonetic transcription
sound produced with air passing through the nose; contrasts with oral
nasal
the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the syllable peak
nucleus
category of sounds which includes oral stops, affricates, and fricatives
obstruent
consonant that precedes the nucleus within the syllable
onset
sound produced with air passing through the mouth only; contrasts with nasal
oral
writing system; see also practical orthography
orthography
sound made with the tongue contacting the center of the hard palate
palatal
sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as post‑alveolar
palato‑alveolar
an articulator which remains stationary in the production of a sound; contrasts with active articulator; includes teeth, upper surface of the vocal tract, etc.
passive articulator
the part of the vocal tract above the larynx and behind the oral cavity (roughly the throat above the larynx)
pharynx
the physical properties of sounds in language and the study of those properties
phonetics
the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency
pitch
the location within the vocal tract at which air flow is obstructed to produce a sound; refers to the articulator(s) involved in producing the sound (e.g., bilabial, dental, alveolar, etc.)
place of articulation
sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as palato‑alveolar
post‑alveolar
the syllable in a word that has the most acoustic prominence; contrasts with secondary stress and unstressed
primary stress
a place of articulation for consonants, produced with the tip of the tongue curled backwards toward the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge
retroflex
a mid central lax unrounded vowel, closest to the neutral position of the tongue at rest, as in the first vowel of apart; represented in the IPA as [?]
schwa
one or more syllables in a word that are less prominent than the syllable with primary stress, but more prominent than unstressed syllables
secondary stress
a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals
segments
soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the velum
soft palate
category of sound that includes nasals and all approximants, both lateral and central
sonorant
consonant sound that involves a complete closure of the vocal tract
stop
the relative prominence of different syllables in a word; typically measured in terms of duration, intensity, and/or fundamental frequency; includes primary stress (the syllable that carries the main stress in the word) and secondary stress (stress that is not as strong as the primary stress but stronger than completely unstressed syllables)
stress
noisy sound (typically a fricative or affricate) which involves the funneling of air against the back of the teeth
strident
the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea
the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea
the portion of the vocal tract located above the larynx; contains most of the physiological structures that are manipulated in speech
supralaryngeal vocal tract
phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.
suprasegmental
a consonant that functions as a syllable peaks; e.g., the second syllable of ‘little’, [l], or the second syllable of ‘butter’, [?]
syllabic consonant
linguistic grouping that consists of a single peak, which may be flanked on one or both sides by consonants
syllable
the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the nucleus
syllable peak
sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the tap; sometimes also referred to as a flap
tap
phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned in the periphery of the vowel space; contrasts with lax; tense vowels tend to be longer than lax vowels
tense (ii)
with backness and height one of three main dimensions for describing vowels, based on peripherality of tongue position and length; encompasses tense and lax
tenseness
language in which fundamental frequency (or its perceptual correlate, pitch) plays an important part in distinguishing between words with different meanings; i.e., languages where pitch is phonemic
tone (tonal) language
consonant produced by the back of the tongue coming into contact with or approximating the uvula (the appendage which hangs down in the back of the oral cavity)
uvular
consonant produced by contact between the back of the tongue and the velum (soft palate)
velar
soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the soft palate
velum
any consonant or vowel sound produced with vibration of the vocal folds
voiced consonant or vowel
any consonant or vowel sound produced without vibration of the vocal folds
voiceless consonant or vowel
the effect produced by the vibration of the vocal folds
voicing
