Chapter 9 + 10 Flashcards
What type of organic molecule are DNA and RNA?
Nucleic Acid
Four types of nitrogenous bases that are found in DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
ATCG
Four types of nitrogenous bases found in RNA?
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
AUCG
Role of DNA polymerase?
An enzyme that reads the original strand and builds a new (complementary ) DNA strand
Role of RNA polymerase ?
An enzyme that reads the DNA and build an RNA transcript (a strand of RNA )
Transcription
Making an RNA transcription using DNA as a template
Occurs in the nucleus
Translation
Protein synthesis
Making a protein using mRNA as a template
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Is the ribosome involved in transcription or translation ?
Translation
mRNA
Messenger RNA
The transcript used for protein synthesis
Has a linear sequence of codons
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Special RNA that forms part of the structure of the ribosome
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
Codon
3 nitrogens base sequence
“Three letter word” that’s codes for a specific amino acid
Plasmid
a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome
code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications
Restriction Enzyme
an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends
Recombinant Plasmid
A plasmid with foreign DNA inserted into it
New combination of DNA
Reproduce, making many copies of the gene (or synthesizing a lot of protein )
Transgenic or genetically modified organism
GMO: describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species
Transgenic: an organism whose genome has been artificially changed
Explain how genes are cloned ?
Gene cloning steps 1&2
- Restriction enzymes are used to cut desired gene from chromosome
- Bacterial plasmids are cut using same restriction enzyme and combine with cut gene in a test tube. They combine to form recombinant DNA
Gene cloning steps 3&4
- Recombinant plasmid inserted into bacterial cells
4. Recombinant cell’s reproduce, making many copies of the gene (or making a lot of the protein)
Examples of commonly used cloned products ?
rBGH dairy products
Insulin and human growth hormone
Why are genetically modified organism produced?
Produces better food
Kills viruses
Genome
The entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism
DNA
A double stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell
Nucleic acids
Monomers?
Polymers?
Nucleotide
Nucleotides
DNA vs RNA
DNA : sugar is deoxyribose, bases A,T,G,C and is double stranded
RNA: sugar is ribose, bases A,U,G,C and is single stranded
DNA replication
Producing two identical replica of a DNA strand from one original DNA molecule
All chromosomes (the entire genome) copied
Protein synthesis
The flow of genetic information in a cell is
DNA—-> RNA—-> protein —-> trait (phenotype)
Protein synthesis explained ?
DNA is copied | Transcription to mRNA | Translation to protein
Protein
Polymers ?
Monomers?
Polypeptides
Amino acids
Relationship between DNA and proteins?
A protein is built with a specific sequence of amino acids that was originally encoded in the DNA
