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Biology > Chapter 9 + 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 + 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organic molecule are DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

Four types of nitrogenous bases that are found in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

ATCG

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3
Q

Four types of nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

AUCG

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4
Q

Role of DNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that reads the original strand and builds a new (complementary ) DNA strand

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5
Q

Role of RNA polymerase ?

A

An enzyme that reads the DNA and build an RNA transcript (a strand of RNA )

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6
Q

Transcription

A

Making an RNA transcription using DNA as a template

Occurs in the nucleus

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7
Q

Translation

A

Protein synthesis

Making a protein using mRNA as a template

Occurs in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Is the ribosome involved in transcription or translation ?

A

Translation

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9
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

The transcript used for protein synthesis

Has a linear sequence of codons

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10
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

Special RNA that forms part of the structure of the ribosome

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11
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

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12
Q

Codon

A

3 nitrogens base sequence

“Three letter word” that’s codes for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

Plasmid

A

a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome

code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications

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14
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends

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15
Q

Recombinant Plasmid

A

A plasmid with foreign DNA inserted into it

New combination of DNA

Reproduce, making many copies of the gene (or synthesizing a lot of protein )

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16
Q

Transgenic or genetically modified organism

A

GMO: describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species

Transgenic: an organism whose genome has been artificially changed

17
Q

Explain how genes are cloned ?

Gene cloning steps 1&2

A
  1. Restriction enzymes are used to cut desired gene from chromosome
  2. Bacterial plasmids are cut using same restriction enzyme and combine with cut gene in a test tube. They combine to form recombinant DNA
18
Q

Gene cloning steps 3&4

A
  1. Recombinant plasmid inserted into bacterial cells

4. Recombinant cell’s reproduce, making many copies of the gene (or making a lot of the protein)

19
Q

Examples of commonly used cloned products ?

A

rBGH dairy products

Insulin and human growth hormone

20
Q

Why are genetically modified organism produced?

A

Produces better food

Kills viruses

21
Q

Genome

A

The entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism

22
Q

DNA

A

A double stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell

23
Q

Nucleic acids

Monomers?
Polymers?

A

Nucleotide

Nucleotides

24
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA : sugar is deoxyribose, bases A,T,G,C and is double stranded

RNA: sugar is ribose, bases A,U,G,C and is single stranded

25
Q

DNA replication

A

Producing two identical replica of a DNA strand from one original DNA molecule

All chromosomes (the entire genome) copied

26
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The flow of genetic information in a cell is

DNA—-> RNA—-> protein —-> trait (phenotype)

27
Q

Protein synthesis explained ?

A 
DNA is copied 
|
Transcription to mRNA 
|
Translation to protein
28
Q

Protein

Polymers ?
Monomers?

A

Polypeptides

Amino acids

29
Q

Relationship between DNA and proteins?

A

A protein is built with a specific sequence of amino acids that was originally encoded in the DNA

Biology (19 decks)

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