Chapter 6 + 7 Part 2

Question 1

Two major phases of the cell cycle ?

Answer 1

Interphase + mitotic phase

Question 2

DNA replication occurs in which phase ?

Answer 2

Interphase

Question 3

Checkpoints

Answer 3

Mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of an eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle changes

Normal cells stop activities at checkpoints to ensure conditions are favorable for cell division

Question 4

Cytokinesis in animals cells vs plant cells ?

Answer 4

Plant : needs to form a cell wall, vesicles fuse to form a cell plate

Animal: divide without cell wall

Question 5

What are cancer cells?

Answer 5

Body cells that have mutated DNA

Unregulated cell division invading surrounding tissues

Escape the normal cell cycle controls

Divide when they shouldn’t

Question 6

Tumor

Answer 6

Unregulated cell division that firms a mass of cells with no function

Question 7

Benign tumor

Answer 7

A tumor that doesn’t affect surrounding tissues

Non cancerous

Question 8

Malignant tumor

Answer 8

Tumor that invaded surrounding tissue

Cancerous

Question 9

Metastatic

Answer 9

If individual cells break away from a malignant tumor and start a new tumor elsewhere

Question 10

Carcinogen

Answer 10

Substance that can cause cancer (damages DNA )

Question 11

Risk factors for cancer ?

Answer 11

High-fat, low-fiber diet

Lack of exercise

Obesity

Carcinogens

Question 12

Mutation

Answer 12

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 13

Normal roles of the two categories of genes that can result in cancer if they become mutated ?

Answer 13

Mutated DNA leads to mutated proteins

Question 14

Chromosomes do human cells have ?

Answer 14

46 total

Question 15

X and Y chromosomes?

Men?
Women?

Answer 15

Sex chromosomes

Men: XY

Women: XX

Question 16

Fertilization

Answer 16

The union of sperm and egg

Question 17

Zygote

Answer 17

A diploid chromosome number

Contains one set from each parent

Question 18

Sexual reproduction

Answer 18

An early evolutionary innovation after the appearance of eukaryotic cells

Question 19

Nondisjunction

Answer 19

The failure of synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the first cell division of meiosis

Cells duplicate

Chromosomes don’t separate normally

Question 20

Down syndrome

Answer 20

A chromosomal error known as trisomy (gain of an extraneous chromosome) identified by a third copy of chromosome 21

Most common because is correlated with maternal age, such that older women are more likely to give birth to children with Down syndrome