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Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that capture, store, or use energy and those that release energy

Build up or break down molecules

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2
Q

What is the role of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) in cells?

A

its main job is to power the machinery of the cell

Energy captured from “food” and converted into cellular energy

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down polymers into monomers

Makes ATP

D—> E + F

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Building polymers from monomers

Requires ATP

A + B —

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5
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Equation

Anabolism or catabolism?

A

6C6H12O + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glucose

Catabolism

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6
Q

What are enzymes? What do they do? Are they changed in the process? What kind of organic molecule?

A

Proteins that speed up (enable) the rate of chemical reactions (catalysts)

Specific

Re-usable/ not altered by reactions

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7
Q

Three steps of aerobic cellular respiration and where do each take place?

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm

Citric acid cycle- mitochondria

Electron transport system -mitochondria

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8
Q

In aerobic cellular respiration
Who makes the most ATP?
Who produces CO2?
Who needs O2?

A

Electron transport system

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport system

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9
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase? Do both plants and animals use this enzyme?

A

To make ATP

Yes both use it

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10
Q

What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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11
Q

Where in the cells does cellular respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Which is the best term to describe an organism that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create their own “food”?

A

Photoautotroph

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13
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work (to bring about a change)

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14
Q

Three categories of work for which cells require energy?

A

Mechanical work
Transport work
Chemical work

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15
Q

Metabolic pathway (biochemical pathway)

A

A series of chemical reactions that takes a starting molecules and modified it, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product

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16
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Break and make bonds, changing the compositions of matter

Take place in the watery environments of cells

17
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases/ speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

18
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule on which the enzyme acts

19
Q

Active site

A

A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

20
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

21
Q

Denature

A

An irreversible change in the 3-D shape

When an enzyme loses its shape

22
Q

Specificity

A

Each specific chemical reaction require a specific enzyme

23
Q

Why is the 3-D shape of enzymes critical for them to function?

A

The 3-D shape gives enzymes its ability to function, if the shape of an enzyme changes the enzyme loses its function

24
Q

Lock and key model

A

Each enzyme is a lock with its specific and only key (substrate) that can open it to obtain the products

25
Q

What happens to enzymes under extreme temperatures or pH environmental conditions?

A

Denaturation (enzyme loses its shape) and thus function

26
Q

Cellular respiration

Purpose? Produce?

A

Converts energy from “food” into energy molecules that cells can use

Makes (regenerates) ATP

27
Q

Why do cells need ATP?

A

ATP is the major energy carrier of cells

28
Q

Why is oxygen needed for cellular respiration?

A

The oxygen is turned into water and heat energy

29
Q

What types of organisms make ATP by cellular respiration?

A

All eukaryotic cells that have a mitochondria

30
Q

Other foods be used for cellular respiration?

A

Lipids

Proteins

31
Q

Fermentation and cellular respiration have in common?

Produce?
Which one uses oxygen ?

A

Both produce ATP

Cellular respiration uses oxygen, fermentation is anaerobic (no oxygen)

32
Q

Foods and drinks made by using fermentation?

A

Alcohol
Yeast (bread)
Lactic acid foods (milk, cheese, yogurt , etc)

33
Q

Why is it hypothesized that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on earth ?

A

Glycolysis is the universal energy- harvesting process of living organisms

All cells use glycolysis to produce ATP

It’s widespread distribution is good evidence for evolution

34
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

A shortage of the enzyme lactose that causes the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose

Result of mutations

Biology (19 decks)

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