Chapter 4 Flashcards
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that capture, store, or use energy and those that release energy
Build up or break down molecules
What is the role of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) in cells?
its main job is to power the machinery of the cell
Energy captured from “food” and converted into cellular energy
Catabolism
Breaking down polymers into monomers
Makes ATP
D—> E + F
Anabolism
Building polymers from monomers
Requires ATP
A + B —
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Equation
Anabolism or catabolism?
6C6H12O + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose
Catabolism
What are enzymes? What do they do? Are they changed in the process? What kind of organic molecule?
Proteins that speed up (enable) the rate of chemical reactions (catalysts)
Specific
Re-usable/ not altered by reactions
Three steps of aerobic cellular respiration and where do each take place?
Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle- mitochondria
Electron transport system -mitochondria
In aerobic cellular respiration
Who makes the most ATP?
Who produces CO2?
Who needs O2?
Electron transport system
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport system
What is the role of ATP synthase? Do both plants and animals use this enzyme?
To make ATP
Yes both use it
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
Where in the cells does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Which is the best term to describe an organism that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create their own “food”?
Photoautotroph
Energy
The capacity to do work (to bring about a change)
Three categories of work for which cells require energy?
Mechanical work
Transport work
Chemical work
Metabolic pathway (biochemical pathway)
A series of chemical reactions that takes a starting molecules and modified it, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product
Chemical reactions
Break and make bonds, changing the compositions of matter
Take place in the watery environments of cells
Catalyst
A substance that increases/ speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Substrate
A molecule on which the enzyme acts
Active site
A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Activation energy
The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
Denature
An irreversible change in the 3-D shape
When an enzyme loses its shape
Specificity
Each specific chemical reaction require a specific enzyme
Why is the 3-D shape of enzymes critical for them to function?
The 3-D shape gives enzymes its ability to function, if the shape of an enzyme changes the enzyme loses its function
Lock and key model
Each enzyme is a lock with its specific and only key (substrate) that can open it to obtain the products
What happens to enzymes under extreme temperatures or pH environmental conditions?
Denaturation (enzyme loses its shape) and thus function
Cellular respiration
Purpose? Produce?
Converts energy from “food” into energy molecules that cells can use
Makes (regenerates) ATP
Why do cells need ATP?
ATP is the major energy carrier of cells
Why is oxygen needed for cellular respiration?
The oxygen is turned into water and heat energy
What types of organisms make ATP by cellular respiration?
All eukaryotic cells that have a mitochondria
Other foods be used for cellular respiration?
Lipids
Proteins
Fermentation and cellular respiration have in common?
Produce?
Which one uses oxygen ?
Both produce ATP
Cellular respiration uses oxygen, fermentation is anaerobic (no oxygen)
Foods and drinks made by using fermentation?
Alcohol
Yeast (bread)
Lactic acid foods (milk, cheese, yogurt , etc)
Why is it hypothesized that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on earth ?
Glycolysis is the universal energy- harvesting process of living organisms
All cells use glycolysis to produce ATP
It’s widespread distribution is good evidence for evolution
Lactose intolerance
A shortage of the enzyme lactose that causes the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose
Result of mutations
