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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Element

A

A basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into anything else by normal physical means

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2
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that still exhibits properties of that element

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3
Q

Molecule

A

Formed by 2 or more atoms that are bonded together by covalent bonds

Ex: water

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4
Q

Chemical bond

A

The force that holds a molecule(s) together because of the shared ELECTRONS

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5
Q

Ionic bond

A

Metal & nonmetal

Atoms that loose or gain electrons become charged

Ions with opposite charges bond to each other

When Na+ and Cl– ions combine to produce NaCl,

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6
Q

Covalent bond

A

Nonmetal & nonmetal

Strongest type of bond
Between atoms that share electrons
Forms molecules

Covalent bonds form between the elements that make up the biological molecules in our cells

do not dissociate in water

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7
Q

Properties of water

A

Universal solvent

Cohesive 
Moderates temperature changes 
Hydrogen bonds
Capillary action 
Facilitates chemical reactions 
Ice floats
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8
Q

pH meaning

range for acid, base, neutral ?

A

A measure of the relative amounts of H+ and OH- in a solution

Acid 0-6 strong-weak

Neutral 7

Base 8-14 weak-strong

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9
Q

What are the four types of organic molecules ?

A

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

Function?

Examples?

How our cells use them?

A

Sugars that make energy

Made of C, H, O

Energy source for cells
Structural molecules

Ex: starch stores energy

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11
Q

Proteins

Function?

Examples?

Enzymes?

A

Made of C,H,N,O

The sequence of amino acids gives the protein its unique characteristics

Nutrition, transport oxygen or other things, protection, movement of cells, structural,hormones

Ex: Antibody-immune system, muscle

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12
Q

Define Enzyme

What type of organic molecule is an enzyme?

A

A type of catalytic protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions

Proteins

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13
Q

Lipids

Types?

Functions?

Examples?

A

C and H

Fats, steroids, phospholipids

Produce energy, store energy, cell membrane

Nonpolar= hydrophobic

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14
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made of many smaller subunits called monomers

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15
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers

Ex : protein - polymer
Amino acids- monomer

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16
Q

Identify which is the polymer and the which is the monomer?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

A

Polysaccharide- polymer
Monosaccharides-monomer

Polypeptides- polymer
Amino acids-monomer

Polynucleotides- polymer
Nucleotides- monomer

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17
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid?

A

The main component of cell membranes

18
Q

What is the function of ATP ?

A

Is the main energy molecule of cells

It’s a nucleotide (nucleic acids)

19
Q

Which four elements make up most of living organisms ?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

19
Q

Atom basic subatomic particles

Charges ?

A

Protons +
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons -

Protons= electrons

20
Q

Three types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bonds

21
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Attractions between slightly charged parts of molecules

22
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Break and make bonds, changing the compositions of matter

Take place in the watery environments of cells

23
Q

Polar Molecule

A

Oxygen is -
Hydrogen is +

Atoms have partial charges (different charges)

Water is polar

24
Q

Non polar molecule

A

Charges is the same

25
Q

What kinds of substances dissolve in water ?

Why

A

Charged compounds

Ions(salts)

Water is a good solvent because it’s polar so it dissolves hydrophilic compounds

26
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

Charged or polar

Dissolve in water

27
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

No charge

Non polar

Doesn’t dissolve in water

28
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolves substances

29
Q

Solute

A

What is being dissolved

30
Q

Solution

A

The solute + solvent mix

31
Q

Element that forms the structural skeleton or foundation of organic molecules?

Why?

A

Carbon

Has 4 covalent bings forming macromolecules

32
Q

Organic molecule

A

Make up the bodies and cells of organism last

Made by organisms

33
Q

Relationship between DNA and protein?

A

DNA has the instructions for the exact amino acid sequence of each protein

Different sequences of amino acids give proteins different shapes and properties

34
Q

Why is the exact 3D shape of a protein so important ?

A

If a protein looses its shaped it can’t function properly

Can be affected by:
Heat
pH
Salt concentration

35
Q

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

A

Genes

Provide the Sequence of amino acids

36
Q

nucleic acids

2 types?

A

DNA: stores generic hereditary info
Instructions for making proteins
2 strands double helix

RNA: helps synthesize proteins
1 strand

37
Q

Four types of DNA nucleotides

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

38
Q

Saturated

A 
fats 
Animal origin 
Solid at room temp 
No C=C double bonds 
Unhealthy
39
Q

Unsaturated

A 
Oils 
Plant origin 
Liquid at room temp
C=C bonds 
Healthy fat
40
Q

Fats vs oils

A

At

Biology (19 decks)

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