Chapter 2 Flashcards
Element
A basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into anything else by normal physical means
Atom
The smallest unit of an element that still exhibits properties of that element
Molecule
Formed by 2 or more atoms that are bonded together by covalent bonds
Ex: water
Chemical bond
The force that holds a molecule(s) together because of the shared ELECTRONS
Ionic bond
Metal & nonmetal
Atoms that loose or gain electrons become charged
Ions with opposite charges bond to each other
When Na+ and Cl– ions combine to produce NaCl,
Covalent bond
Nonmetal & nonmetal
Strongest type of bond
Between atoms that share electrons
Forms molecules
Covalent bonds form between the elements that make up the biological molecules in our cells
do not dissociate in water
Properties of water
Universal solvent
Cohesive Moderates temperature changes Hydrogen bonds Capillary action Facilitates chemical reactions Ice floats
pH meaning
range for acid, base, neutral ?
A measure of the relative amounts of H+ and OH- in a solution
Acid 0-6 strong-weak
Neutral 7
Base 8-14 weak-strong
What are the four types of organic molecules ?
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Function?
Examples?
How our cells use them?
Sugars that make energy
Made of C, H, O
Energy source for cells
Structural molecules
Ex: starch stores energy
Proteins
Function?
Examples?
Enzymes?
Made of C,H,N,O
The sequence of amino acids gives the protein its unique characteristics
Nutrition, transport oxygen or other things, protection, movement of cells, structural,hormones
Ex: Antibody-immune system, muscle
Define Enzyme
What type of organic molecule is an enzyme?
A type of catalytic protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
Proteins
Lipids
Types?
Functions?
Examples?
C and H
Fats, steroids, phospholipids
Produce energy, store energy, cell membrane
Nonpolar= hydrophobic
Polymer
Molecules made of many smaller subunits called monomers
Monomers
The building blocks of polymers
Ex : protein - polymer
Amino acids- monomer
Identify which is the polymer and the which is the monomer?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharide- polymer
Monosaccharides-monomer
Polypeptides- polymer
Amino acids-monomer
Polynucleotides- polymer
Nucleotides- monomer
What is the function of a phospholipid?
The main component of cell membranes
What is the function of ATP ?
Is the main energy molecule of cells
It’s a nucleotide (nucleic acids)
Which four elements make up most of living organisms ?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Atom basic subatomic particles
Charges ?
Protons +
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons -
Protons= electrons
Three types of chemical bonds
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Attractions between slightly charged parts of molecules
Chemical reactions
Break and make bonds, changing the compositions of matter
Take place in the watery environments of cells
Polar Molecule
Oxygen is -
Hydrogen is +
Atoms have partial charges (different charges)
Water is polar
Non polar molecule
Charges is the same
What kinds of substances dissolve in water ?
Why
Charged compounds
Ions(salts)
Water is a good solvent because it’s polar so it dissolves hydrophilic compounds
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Charged or polar
Dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
Water hating
No charge
Non polar
Doesn’t dissolve in water
Solvent
Dissolves substances
Solute
What is being dissolved
Solution
The solute + solvent mix
Element that forms the structural skeleton or foundation of organic molecules?
Why?
Carbon
Has 4 covalent bings forming macromolecules
Organic molecule
Make up the bodies and cells of organism last
Made by organisms
Relationship between DNA and protein?
DNA has the instructions for the exact amino acid sequence of each protein
Different sequences of amino acids give proteins different shapes and properties
Why is the exact 3D shape of a protein so important ?
If a protein looses its shaped it can’t function properly
Can be affected by:
Heat
pH
Salt concentration
What determines the primary structure of a protein?
Genes
Provide the Sequence of amino acids
nucleic acids
2 types?
DNA: stores generic hereditary info
Instructions for making proteins
2 strands double helix
RNA: helps synthesize proteins
1 strand
Four types of DNA nucleotides
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Saturated
fats Animal origin Solid at room temp No C=C double bonds Unhealthy
Unsaturated
Oils Plant origin Liquid at room temp C=C bonds Healthy fat
Fats vs oils
At
