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Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Theory of evolution

A

States that living things present on earth today are the diverse descendants of a single common ancestor

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2
Q

Natural selection

A

Advantageous traits are inherited that allow some individuals to adapt better to an environment making them survive and reproduce better than others

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3
Q

When would natural selection take place?

A

More offspring are produced than environment can support

Competition for limited resources/ mates

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4
Q

Why is genetic variation so important for natural selection?

A

Genetic variation allows some offspring to survive and reproduce better than others

Adapt better

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5
Q

What is responsible for selecting the most successful individuals in a population: the environment or the organisms themselves?

A

The environment

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6
Q

Micro evolution

Ex?

A

Changes that occur in the characteristics of a population (within one species)

Occurs quickly, results in changes of allele frequencies

Ex: skin pigmentation

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7
Q

Macro evolution

Ex?

A

The changes that give rise to new species

Over long periods of time
Product of many micro evolutionary events

Ex:elephant family tree (phylogeny)

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8
Q

Following the introduction of a new pesticide, a population of tomato hornworms evolves resistance to the pesticide over the course of 50 generations?

Micro or macro ?

A

Micro evolution

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9
Q

Birds and crocodiles share a common ancestor with dinosaurs.

Micro or macro?

A

Macro evolution

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10
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited trait that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction in a particular environment

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11
Q

Mutation

A

A heritable change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Change in amino acid can result in a new protein or messed up protein

Ultimate source of variation

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12
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of individuals into or out of a population

Immigration: adds alleles; increases variation

Emigration: removes alleles; decreases variation

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13
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequencies in SMALL populations due to chance that may result in the loss of genetic variation an

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14
Q

Which results in the evolution of new species from a common ancestor?

A

Adaptive radiation

Macro evolution

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15
Q

Which is considered reliable evidence of evolution?

A

Fossils

Homologous chromosomes

Geographic distribution

DNA similarity

Artificial selection

Observation/testing

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16
Q

The wing of a bird and the wind of an insect are considered ____ structures?

A

Analogous

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17
Q

Can mutations result in micro evolution?

A

Yes, change in amino acids produce new proteins in the same species

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18
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

A dramatic reduction in population size that leads to a change in allele frequencies and possibly the loss of alleles (loss of variation)

Ex: Famine, hunting, plague, catastrophic events

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19
Q

Founder effect

A

A small group establishes a “founder population “ that is isolated from the original population

Chance matings can result in changes in allele frequencies

Ex: Amish with 6 fingers

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20
Q

Fossils

A

Preserved remains of once living organisms

Ex: imprint, amber, or bone fossils

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21
Q

Anatomical similarity (homologous structures)

A

Structures that look similar in appearance (anatomy) and function because they are inherited from a common ancestor

Ex: ears; feathers; forelimbs; bone arrangement in skeleton

22
Q

Geographic distribution

A

Species that live in neighboring regions are more likely to share a common ancestor

Ex: euphoria plants found in S. America, S. Africa Australia

23
Q

Molecular Homologies (DNA similarities )

A

If DNA sequence are very similar this is almost likely because they are inherited from a common ancestor

24
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of a new species or multiple new species from an ancestral species

25
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

26
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

The formation of new species through geographic separation

No gene flow, so reinforced by reproductive isolation

No chance of mixing

27
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species without geographic separation

Utilizing different parts of the habitat

Same area

28
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Results in a single ancestor evolving into several different species

Ex: Darwin’s finches; Hawaiian honey creepers

29
Q

Wings of a bird and the wings of bees homologous structures?

A

No, they are analogous structures because even though they have the same function they did not evolve from the same common ancestor

30
Q

Scientific theory

A

A powerful, broad explanation of a large set of observations

  • based on many hypotheses
  • well supported by evidence
31
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the genetic traits (allele frequencies) of a population of organisms over many generations

32
Q

What evolves populations or individuals ?

A

Populations

33
Q

Was Darwin the first person to come up with the idea of evolution?

A

No, but Darwin was the first to explain a logical, testable method to explain HOW species change over time …. that natural selection causes evolution

34
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

A heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment

35
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of the same species living in the same area

36
Q

Natural selection is considered the primary cause of _______, and the only cause of _________

A

Evolution; adaptive evolution

37
Q

How does natural selection work? What are the series of observations?

A

1) individuals within populations vary
Ex: appearance, enzyme structure

2)some of the variation is inheritable

3) populations of organism produce more offspring than will survive
Ex: Rabbits

4)those with traits that best enable survival and reproduction have more offspring

38
Q

Differential reproductive success =?

A

Natural selection

39
Q

Fitness

A

Relative survival and reproduction (a good fit for that environment)

40
Q

Divergent evolution

A

An evolution that results in different forms in two species with a common ancestor

41
Q

Convergent evolution

A

An evolution that results in similar forms on different species

42
Q

How are people contributing to Antibiotic resistance ?

A

Doctors over-prescribing antibiotics

Patients misusing antibiotics (failure to follow treatment)

Heavy use of antibiotics in livestock

43
Q

Natural selection does not cause new traits to arise because they need to! It only acts on genetic variation that already exist

True or false

A

True

44
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

The ability to be unaffected by antibiotics

45
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection imposed by human choice

Ex: breeds of dogs , agricultural crops

46
Q

Direct testing/ observation

A

Environmental conditions can be manipulated and effects of population examined

Ex: antibiotic resistance, Galapagos finches after a drought

47
Q

Developmental homologies

A

Shared developmental pathways

Ex: chordate embryos

48
Q

Analogous structures

A

Similarity in characteristic as a result of adaptations to similar environment, not because of common ancestry

48
Q

Biography

A

Study of geographic distribution of organisms on Earth

49
Q

Unity of life ?

A

Many characteristics are shared by very, different organisms because had a common ancestor

50
Q

Diversity of life?

A

Divergence from common ancestor

51
Q

Which mechanism results in adaptive evolution ?

A

Natural selection

Biology (19 decks)

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