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MICRO20 > CHAPTER 9/10 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9/10 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses)

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2
Q

common Examples of sterilizing agents

A

heat (autoclave)
sterilant (chemical agents capable of destroying endospheres)

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3
Q

disinfection

A

physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospheres
removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material

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4
Q

common examples of disinfecting agents

A

bleach
iodine
heat (boiling)

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5
Q

decontamination/sanitization

A

cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganism as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels

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6
Q

common examples of decontaminating agents

A

soap
detergent
commercial dish washers

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7
Q

antisepsis/degermation

A

reduces the number of microbes on the human skin
form of decontamination but on living tissues

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8
Q

common examples of antiseptic agents

A

alcohol
surgical hand scrubs

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9
Q

what can be sterilized

A

surgical instruments
syringes
commercially packaged food

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10
Q

what can be disinfected

A

boiling food utensils, applying 5% bleach solution to an examining table, immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses

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11
Q

what can be decontaminated

A

cooking utensils, dishes, bottles and cans

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12
Q

what can go thru antisepsis

A

involves scrubbing the skin (mechanical friction) or immersing it in chemicals

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13
Q

sepsis vs asepsis

A

Sepsis- presence of pathogens in tissue, causing infection
asepsis- practice of preventing contamination by pathogens

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14
Q

when is an antiseptic used

A

to inhibit microbial growth on tissues and works by reducing microbial load without eradication

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15
Q

T/F: prions are able to be destroyed by any of the four methods we talked about

A

FALSE. None are enough.

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16
Q

why must sterilant destroy endospheres

A

endospheres are highly resistant dominant forms of bacteria that survive harsh environmental condition, including extreme heat, radiation and chemical exposure

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17
Q

difference between sterilization, disinfection and decontamination

A

sterilization- removes 100% of all microorganisms, including endospheres
disinfection- removes 99.9% of microorganisms. not very effective vs. endospheres.
decontamination- 90-99.9% reduction in microbial load. does not completely eliminate.

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18
Q

the difference between scrubbing in chemicals or placing skin in chemicals as
forms of antisepsis/degermation

A

scrubbing- combines physical removal with chemical disinfection, generally achieving a high level of cleaniless
placing in chemicals- relies solely on the chemical’s effectiveness to kill microbes, providing rapid antisepsis but without physical removal of contaminants

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19
Q

Rank endospores, gram negative and positive bacteria, fungi, and
naked and enveloped viruses on their relative resistance to microbial control agents

A

MOST RESISTANT
prions
endospheres
gram negative bacteria
fungi
naked viruses
gram positive bacteria
enveloped viruses
LEAST RESISTANT

20
Q

bactericide

A

substance that kills bacteria by disrupting their structures or functions. permanent kill.

21
Q

bacteriostatic

A

substance that inhibits bacterial growth without killing them. temporary halt in growth.

22
Q

-cide meaning

A

“to kill”

23
Q

how formaldehyde and radiation target
the cell as an agent of microbial control.

A

formaldehyde/radiation- agents that interrupt the synthesis of proteins via the ribosomes, inhibiting proteins needed for growth and metabolism and preventing multiplication

24
Q

how chemicals/detergents/alcohol target
the cell as an agent of microbial control.

A

chemicals, detergents, alcohol can damage the cell wall by blocking its synthesis or digesting it. detergent/alcohol disrupt the lipid bilayer by opening it

25
Q

prophylaxis

A

use of a drug or treatment to prevent disease or infection, often used in situations where there is a high risk of exposure, such as before surgery or travel to areas with prevalent infections

26
Q

antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

use of antimicrobial agents to treat infections caused by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Involves the use of specific drugs to target, kill, or inhibit the growth of pathogens

27
Q

antimicrobial:

A

a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. includes antifungals, antivirals and antiparasitic agents

28
Q

antibiotic vs antimicrobial

A

antibiotic targets bacteria
antimicrobial targets, kills and inhibits the growth of microorganisms

29
Q

narrow spectrum

A

antimicrobials that target a specific group of mo

30
Q

broad spectrum

A

antimicrobials that target a wide range of mo, including both GP and GN bacteria

31
Q

K-B test

A

a lab method used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics against specific bacteria by observing the zone of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on an agar plate

32
Q

MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration

A

lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents visible growth of a microorganism. helps determine right dosage for effective treatment

33
Q

meaning of “there is no such thing as slightly sterile”

A

sterilization is an all or nothing process

34
Q

cell target of penicillin

A

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

35
Q

function of clavulanic acid

A

inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes that bacteria produce to resist penicillin and cephalosporins

36
Q

cell target of cephalosporins

A

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

37
Q

cell target of carbapenems

A

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

38
Q

cell target of bacitracin

A

bacterial cell wall; typically used as neosporin and applied topically

39
Q

cell target of vancomycin

A

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

40
Q

cell target of tetracycline

A

protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial translation

41
Q

cell target of macrolides

A

protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes, preventing elongation of protein chain

42
Q

cell target of ciproflaxin

A

DNA replication by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase

43
Q

cell target of rifampin

A

RNA synthesis by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase

44
Q

Amph B

A

fungal cell membrane, CM disription and fungal death

45
Q

Fluco

A

inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes, leading to cell membrane disruption and fungal death

MICRO20 (16 decks)

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