CHAPTER 9/10

Question 1

Sterilization

Answer 1

process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses)

Question 2

common Examples of sterilizing agents

Answer 2

heat (autoclave)
sterilant (chemical agents capable of destroying endospheres)

Question 3

disinfection

Answer 3

physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospheres
removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material

Question 4

common examples of disinfecting agents

Answer 4

bleach
iodine
heat (boiling)

Question 5

decontamination/sanitization

Answer 5

cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganism as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels

Question 6

common examples of decontaminating agents

Answer 6

soap
detergent
commercial dish washers

Question 7

antisepsis/degermation

Answer 7

reduces the number of microbes on the human skin
form of decontamination but on living tissues

Question 8

common examples of antiseptic agents

Answer 8

alcohol
surgical hand scrubs

Question 9

what can be sterilized

Answer 9

surgical instruments
syringes
commercially packaged food

Question 10

what can be disinfected

Answer 10

boiling food utensils, applying 5% bleach solution to an examining table, immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses

Question 11

what can be decontaminated

Answer 11

cooking utensils, dishes, bottles and cans

Question 12

what can go thru antisepsis

Answer 12

involves scrubbing the skin (mechanical friction) or immersing it in chemicals

Question 13

sepsis vs asepsis

Answer 13

Sepsis- presence of pathogens in tissue, causing infection
asepsis- practice of preventing contamination by pathogens

Question 14

when is an antiseptic used

Answer 14

to inhibit microbial growth on tissues and works by reducing microbial load without eradication

Question 15

T/F: prions are able to be destroyed by any of the four methods we talked about

Answer 15

FALSE. None are enough.

Question 16

why must sterilant destroy endospheres

Answer 16

endospheres are highly resistant dominant forms of bacteria that survive harsh environmental condition, including extreme heat, radiation and chemical exposure

Question 17

difference between sterilization, disinfection and decontamination

Answer 17

sterilization- removes 100% of all microorganisms, including endospheres
disinfection- removes 99.9% of microorganisms. not very effective vs. endospheres.
decontamination- 90-99.9% reduction in microbial load. does not completely eliminate.

Question 18

the difference between scrubbing in chemicals or placing skin in chemicals as
forms of antisepsis/degermation

Answer 18

scrubbing- combines physical removal with chemical disinfection, generally achieving a high level of cleaniless
placing in chemicals- relies solely on the chemical’s effectiveness to kill microbes, providing rapid antisepsis but without physical removal of contaminants

Question 19

Rank endospores, gram negative and positive bacteria, fungi, and
naked and enveloped viruses on their relative resistance to microbial control agents

Answer 19

MOST RESISTANT
prions
endospheres
gram negative bacteria
fungi
naked viruses
gram positive bacteria
enveloped viruses
LEAST RESISTANT

Question 20

bactericide

Answer 20

substance that kills bacteria by disrupting their structures or functions. permanent kill.

Question 21

bacteriostatic

Answer 21

substance that inhibits bacterial growth without killing them. temporary halt in growth.

Question 22

-cide meaning

Answer 22

“to kill”

Question 23

how formaldehyde and radiation target
the cell as an agent of microbial control.

Answer 23

formaldehyde/radiation- agents that interrupt the synthesis of proteins via the ribosomes, inhibiting proteins needed for growth and metabolism and preventing multiplication

Question 24

how chemicals/detergents/alcohol target
the cell as an agent of microbial control.

Answer 24

chemicals, detergents, alcohol can damage the cell wall by blocking its synthesis or digesting it. detergent/alcohol disrupt the lipid bilayer by opening it

Question 25

prophylaxis

Answer 25

use of a drug or treatment to prevent disease or infection, often used in situations where there is a high risk of exposure, such as before surgery or travel to areas with prevalent infections

Question 26

antimicrobial chemotherapy

Answer 26

use of antimicrobial agents to treat infections caused by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Involves the use of specific drugs to target, kill, or inhibit the growth of pathogens

Question 27

antimicrobial:

Answer 27

a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. includes antifungals, antivirals and antiparasitic agents

Question 28

antibiotic vs antimicrobial

Answer 28

antibiotic targets bacteria antimicrobial targets, kills and inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Question 29

narrow spectrum

Answer 29

antimicrobials that target a specific group of mo

Question 30

broad spectrum

Answer 30

antimicrobials that target a wide range of mo, including both GP and GN bacteria

Question 31

K-B test

Answer 31

a lab method used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics against specific bacteria by observing the zone of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on an agar plate

Question 32

MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 32

lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents visible growth of a microorganism. helps determine right dosage for effective treatment

Question 33

meaning of "there is no such thing as slightly sterile"

Answer 33

sterilization is an all or nothing process

Question 34

cell target of penicillin

Answer 34

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 35

function of clavulanic acid

Answer 35

inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes that bacteria produce to resist penicillin and cephalosporins

Question 36

cell target of cephalosporins

Answer 36

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Question 37

cell target of carbapenems

Answer 37

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Question 38

cell target of bacitracin

Answer 38

bacterial cell wall; typically used as neosporin and applied topically

Question 39

cell target of vancomycin

Answer 39

bacterial cell wall by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Question 40

cell target of tetracycline

Answer 40

protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial translation

Question 41

cell target of macrolides

Answer 41

protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes, preventing elongation of protein chain

Question 42

cell target of ciproflaxin

Answer 42

DNA replication by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase

Question 43

cell target of rifampin

Answer 43

RNA synthesis by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase

Question 44

Amph B

Answer 44

fungal cell membrane, CM disription and fungal death

Question 45

Fluco

Answer 45

inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes, leading to cell membrane disruption and fungal death