CHAPTER 4

Question 1

Be able to classify the four eukaryotic microorganisms as always unicellular, always multicellular or either unicellular or multicellular

Answer 1

Protozoa- always unicellular
Fungi- either uni or multi cellular
Algae- either uni or multi cellular
Helminths- always multicellular

Question 2

Eukaryotic Flagella characteristics

Answer 2

10x thicker
structurally more complex
covered by an extension of the cell membrane
same 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
whips back and forth
uses ATP

Question 3

Prokaryotic flagella characteristics

Answer 3

made of flagellin
not covered by membrane
rotates like a propeller
smaller and simpler

Question 4

Eukaryotic cilia characteristics

Answer 4

same 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
rhythmically back and forth
movement of substances (ie respiratory)
short and numbers

Question 5

Eukaryotic glycocalyx

Answer 5

• protective outer layer found on the surface of some eukaryotic cells
• made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides

Question 6

State what Glycocalyx is using extracellular matrix

Answer 6

The glycocalyx is a part of the extracellular matrix, a network of proteins and carbohydrates surrounding the cell, aiding in cell support and communication

Question 7

Function of eu. glycocalyx

Answer 7

protects the cell
cell adhesion
participates in cell signaling

Question 8

which eukaryotes have a cell wall under their glycocalyx

Answer 8

fungi
algae
plants

Question 9

which eukaryotes have a cell membrane under their glycocalyx

Answer 9

animal cells
protozoa

Question 10

Components of a fungal cell wall

Answer 10

Chitin
Glucans
Glycoprotein

Question 11

In addition to phospholipids, eu. cell membranes also contain ______

Answer 11

sterols, which maintain membrane fluidity

Question 12

what external structure of a cell would compensate for the lack of sterols

Answer 12

prokaryotes lack sterols but many have a cell wall to compensate for this

Question 13

eu. cyto. mem. function compared to pro. cell memb

Answer 13

both regulate selective permeability and transport of nutrients/waste

Question 14

what is the defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

nuclear envelope

Answer 15

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Question 16

nuclear pores

Answer 16

openings that regulate the passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 17

nucleoplasm

Answer 17

gel-like substance inside the nucleus

Question 18

nucleolus

Answer 18

where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and ribosomes are assembled

Question 19

chromatin

Answer 19

linear DNA pieces and eukaryotic chromosomes are pieces of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Question 20

What is attached to R ER

Answer 20

Ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis, they enter the RER to become modified

Question 21

Smooth ER

Answer 21

plays a role in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage, which indirectly supports protein production by providing essential lipids for cell membranes

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids received from the ER for transport either inside or outside the cell
AKA POST OFFICE

Question 23

Lysosome

Answer 23

• Membrane bound organelle containing digestive enzymes
• breaks down waste material, cell debris and foreign particles

Question 24

Vacuole

Answer 24

-membrane bound sacs found primarily in plant cells but are also in some animal and protist cells
plants: store water, nutrients, waste and maintains turgor pressure
animals: store and transport substances

Question 25

Mitochondria

Answer 25

double membraned organelle responsible for producing energy through the process of cellular respiration

Question 26

chloroplast

Answer 26

double membraned organelle foundin plants and algae performs photosynthesis, converts sunlight+CO2+water into glucose contains chlorophyll

Question 27

cytoskeleton

Answer 27

network of protein filaments that provide structural support to the cellm

Question 28

microfilament

Answer 28

- thin filaments made of actin - supports cell shape, mobility involved in muscle contraction, cell movement

Question 29

intermediate filaments

Answer 29

- rope-like fibers more stable than actin filaments provides mechanical strength maintains cell integrity and anchor organelles

Question 30

microtubules

Answer 30

- hollow tubes make of tubulin proteins involved in cell shape and transport of organelles and vesicles essential for cell division and movement of cilia/flagella

Question 31

endosymbiosis

Answer 31

complex cells we call eukaryotes evolved when a big simple cell swallowed up a smaller, simple cell billions of years ago. instead of digesting the smaller cell, the two started to live and work in unison

Question 32

Sterols

Answer 32

Helps maintain fluidity and overall structure of the membrane to prevent the cell from bursting