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MICRO20 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what does adaptive immunity control?

A

infections that bypass barriers and innate immunity

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity based on?

A

b and t cells

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3
Q

what is immunocompetence

A

the full function of adaptive immunity

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4
Q

what is the difference between antigens and immunogens

A

antigens are molecules that elicit an immune reponse
immunogens are antigens that activate an immune response

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5
Q

what are the best antigens

A

proteins due to their structural complexity

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6
Q

where do T cells develop

A

thymus

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7
Q

where do B cells develop

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

take up antigens in tissues and present them to T cells in lymph nodes

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9
Q

what does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex

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10
Q

Where are MHC class I molecules found?

A

On all nucleated cells

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11
Q

where are MHC class II molecules found?

A

on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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12
Q

what do helper T cells do?

A

release cytokines to activate B cells macrophages and other T cells

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13
Q

what do regulatory T cells do?

A

control the immune response and prevent autoimmunity

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14
Q

what do cytotoxic cells do?

A

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

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15
Q

what happens when a B cell develops into a plasma cell?

A

plasma cells release antibodies into tissues and blood

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16
Q

what marker is found on helper and regulatory T cells

A

CD4

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17
Q

what do CD4 T cells bind to?

A

MHC class II molecules

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18
Q

what marker is found on cytotoxic cells

A

CD8

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19
Q

what do CD8 cells bind to?

A

MHC class I molecules

20
Q

what is immunological diversity

A

the rearrangement of DNA in B and T cell genomes to create diverse immune receptors

21
Q

what is the B cell receptor also called?

A

immunoglobulin

22
Q

where is the antigen binding site located?

A

in the variable region of the receptor

23
Q

what is cloncal selection

A

the process by which specific immune cells proliferate in response to an antigen

24
Q

how does clonal deletion help immune tolerance

A

by removing immune cells that react to self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity

25
Q

what are the three most common APC

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells

26
Q

how do APCs process antigens

A

by phagocytizing antigens (often in phagolysosomes) and presenting them on MHC class II molecules

27
Q

what is the role of APCs in activating T cells

A

APCs present antigens on MHC class II to helper T cell which can then activate B cells

28
Q

what is a restricted T cell

A

a T cell that recognizes antigens only when presented on MHC class molecules

29
Q

what do helper T cells primarily do

A

release cytokines to assist other immune cells

30
Q

what do memory T cells do

A

persist long-term to provide immunity against previously encountered antigens

31
Q

what do T Helper 1 Cells do

A

activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

32
Q

what do T helper 2 cells do

A

help remove helminth and protozoe and contributes to allergies

33
Q

what do T helper 17 cells do

A

activate inflammation

34
Q

what is the role of regulatory T cells

A

they control immunity to prevent autoimmunity but can also promote tumor growth

35
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells target

A

virus-infected cells and tumor cells by recognizing antigens on MHC Class I

36
Q

how do antibodies neutralize pathogens

A

by binding to antigens on viruses or bacteria, preventing infection or aiding phagocytosis (opsonization)

37
Q

which Ig type is the most common in the blood

A

IgG

38
Q

which Ig type responds first to antigens

A

IgM

39
Q

In a primary immune response, which Ig type appears first

A

IgM

40
Q

in a secondary immune response which Ig type appears first

A

IgG

41
Q

what are the types of immunity?

A

Natural active: infection
Natural passive: maternal antibodies
Artificial active: vaccination
Artificial Passive: IVIG

42
Q

what is variolation

A

the practice of using material from smallpox lesions to induce immunity

43
Q

where does the word vaccine fome from

A

the latin word vacca, referencing the cowpox virus used to protect against small pox

44
Q

what is the difference between inactivated and live attentuated vaccines

A

inactivated- contains killed pathogens
live attentuated- contain weakened pathogens

45
Q

what are subunit and toxoid vaccines

A

subunit- uses specific antigens from the pathogen
toxoid- uses inactivated toxins

46
Q

what antigen is used in Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines

A

the spike protein of SARS COV2

47
Q

why do mRNA vaccines produce good immunity

A

they directly instruct cells to produce the antigen (S protein), ensuring robust immune activation

MICRO20 (19 decks)

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