chapter 13

Question 1

what does adaptive immunity control?

Answer 1

infections that bypass barriers and innate immunity

Question 2

what is adaptive immunity based on?

Answer 2

b and t cells

Question 3

what is immunocompetence

Answer 3

the full function of adaptive immunity

Question 4

what is the difference between antigens and immunogens

Answer 4

antigens are molecules that elicit an immune reponse
immunogens are antigens that activate an immune response

Question 5

what are the best antigens

Answer 5

proteins due to their structural complexity

Question 6

where do T cells develop

Answer 6

thymus

Question 7

where do B cells develop

Answer 7

bone marrow

Question 8

what do dendritic cells do

Answer 8

take up antigens in tissues and present them to T cells in lymph nodes

Question 9

what does MHC stand for?

Answer 9

Major Histocompatibility complex

Question 10

Where are MHC class I molecules found?

Answer 10

On all nucleated cells

Question 11

where are MHC class II molecules found?

Answer 11

on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 12

what do helper T cells do?

Answer 12

release cytokines to activate B cells macrophages and other T cells

Question 13

what do regulatory T cells do?

Answer 13

control the immune response and prevent autoimmunity

Question 14

what do cytotoxic cells do?

Answer 14

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

Question 15

what happens when a B cell develops into a plasma cell?

Answer 15

plasma cells release antibodies into tissues and blood

Question 16

what marker is found on helper and regulatory T cells

Answer 16

CD4

Question 17

what do CD4 T cells bind to?

Answer 17

MHC class II molecules

Question 18

what marker is found on cytotoxic cells

Answer 18

CD8

Question 19

what do CD8 cells bind to?

Answer 19

MHC class I molecules

Question 20

what is immunological diversity

Answer 20

the rearrangement of DNA in B and T cell genomes to create diverse immune receptors

Question 21

what is the B cell receptor also called?

Answer 21

immunoglobulin

Question 22

where is the antigen binding site located?

Answer 22

in the variable region of the receptor

Question 23

what is cloncal selection

Answer 23

the process by which specific immune cells proliferate in response to an antigen

Question 24

how does clonal deletion help immune tolerance

Answer 24

by removing immune cells that react to self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity

Question 25

what are the three most common APC

Answer 25

dendritic cells macrophages B cells

Question 26

how do APCs process antigens

Answer 26

by phagocytizing antigens (often in phagolysosomes) and presenting them on MHC class II molecules

Question 27

what is the role of APCs in activating T cells

Answer 27

APCs present antigens on MHC class II to helper T cell which can then activate B cells

Question 28

what is a restricted T cell

Answer 28

a T cell that recognizes antigens only when presented on MHC class molecules

Question 29

what do helper T cells primarily do

Answer 29

release cytokines to assist other immune cells

Question 30

what do memory T cells do

Answer 30

persist long-term to provide immunity against previously encountered antigens

Question 31

what do T Helper 1 Cells do

Answer 31

activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

Question 32

what do T helper 2 cells do

Answer 32

help remove helminth and protozoe and contributes to allergies

Question 33

what do T helper 17 cells do

Answer 33

activate inflammation

Question 34

what is the role of regulatory T cells

Answer 34

they control immunity to prevent autoimmunity but can also promote tumor growth

Question 35

what do cytotoxic T cells target

Answer 35

virus-infected cells and tumor cells by recognizing antigens on MHC Class I

Question 36

how do antibodies neutralize pathogens

Answer 36

by binding to antigens on viruses or bacteria, preventing infection or aiding phagocytosis (opsonization)

Question 37

which Ig type is the most common in the blood

Answer 37

IgG

Question 38

which Ig type responds first to antigens

Answer 38

IgM

Question 39

In a primary immune response, which Ig type appears first

Answer 39

IgM

Question 40

in a secondary immune response which Ig type appears first

Answer 40

IgG

Question 41

what are the types of immunity?

Answer 41

Natural active: infection Natural passive: maternal antibodies Artificial active: vaccination Artificial Passive: IVIG

Question 42

what is variolation

Answer 42

the practice of using material from smallpox lesions to induce immunity

Question 43

where does the word vaccine fome from

Answer 43

the latin word vacca, referencing the cowpox virus used to protect against small pox

Question 44

what is the difference between inactivated and live attentuated vaccines

Answer 44

inactivated- contains killed pathogens live attentuated- contain weakened pathogens

Question 45

what are subunit and toxoid vaccines

Answer 45

subunit- uses specific antigens from the pathogen toxoid- uses inactivated toxins

Question 46

what antigen is used in Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines

Answer 46

the spike protein of SARS COV2

Question 47

why do mRNA vaccines produce good immunity

Answer 47

they directly instruct cells to produce the antigen (S protein), ensuring robust immune activation