CHAPTER 12.2-12.3 Flashcards
Other physical defenses
Urination- flushes out bacteria
Vaginal secretions- maintains a slightly acidic environment
human microbiome- competes with pathogens for nutrients and space
Phagocytes
immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens
three properties of phagocytes
Chemotaxis- movement
Engulfment- surround and internalize pathogens
Destruction- kill pathogen using enzymes and reactive O2
three types of macrophages
neutrophils- first responders
monocytes- differentiate into macrophages or histiocytes
macrophages- long-lived and responsible for cleaning up debris and pathogens
neutrophils
die quickly after attacking pathogens
major component of pus
elevated levels is a sign of bacterial infection
histiocytes
macrophages that reside in specific tissues
Histiocytes names in:
Lungs
Liver
Skin
Spleen
Lung- alveolar
liver- kupffer
skin- ;langerhan
spleen- splenic
examples of PAMPs
bacteria-
peptidoglycan
LPS
virus-
ds RNA
glyco proteins
signs of inflammation
Rubor- redness
Calor- heat
Tumor- swelling
Dolor- pain
Loss of function
inflammation function
recruit immune cells to the site
localize and clear pathogens
initiate tissue repair
steps in inflammation
triggering: injury or infection releases chemical signals
vasodilation: blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow
exudate formation: fluid leaks into tissues, delivering immune cells
edema: swelling caused by fluid
pus formation: dead cells and debris
phagocytes in inflammation
neutrophils arrive first, followed by macrophages during tissue repair
fever
triggered by pyrogens
inhibits microbial growth and boosts immune response
interferons
proteins that inhibit viral replication
stimulates neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins
they are strong antiviral proteins
