CHAPTER 8

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

all of the genetic information of an organism

Question 2

examples of nonchromosomal genetic material

Answer 2

• Plasmids
• mitochondrial DNA
• chloroplast DNA
• viral genomes
• transposons

Question 3

Plasmid

Answer 3

small circular DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate independently of chromosomal DNA and often carry genes such as those for antibiotic resistance

Question 4

eukaryotic genomes are composed of __________

Answer 4

DNA from chromosome plus organelle DNA

Question 5

ex of eukaryotic organelles that have DNA

Answer 5

• mitochondria
• chloroplast

Question 6

genomes of cells are composed of _____

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

genomes of viruses are composed of ________

Answer 7

either DNA or RNA

Question 8

chromosome

Answer 8

structure made of tightly coiled DNA that contains many genes

Question 9

Compare/Contrast Bacterial vs Eukaryotic chromosomes
SHAPE
Location
Number

Answer 9

Shape:
- Bacteria are circular
- Eu are linear

Location:
- B are found in the nucleoid
- Eu are located in nucleus

Number:
- B have one chromosome
- Eu have multiple chromosomes

Question 10

gene
classical vs molecular meaning

Answer 10

CM: unit of heredity that determines a specific trait
MM: segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to produce a specific protein or RNA

Question 11

genes contains___________

Answer 11

the necessary code to make protein or RNA

Question 12

three types of genes

Answer 12

1. Structural- code for proteins
2. regulatory- control gene expression
3. for RNA machinery- involved in protein synthesis

Question 13

genotype vs phenotype

Answer 13

genotype- genetic makeup of an organism
phenotype= physical or observable traits of an organism, resulting from the genotype

Question 14

genotype leads to phenotype:

Answer 14

the genetic code is translated into proteins and structures that create the observable traits

Question 15

nucleotide

Answer 15

the basic unit of DNA consisting of:
- phosphate
- sugar
- nitrogenous base

Question 16

DNA strand formation

Answer 16

one strand of DNA is connected via phosphate bonds between sugar molecules

Question 16

Purines
Pyrimidines

Answer 16

Adenine, Guanine
Thymine, Cytosine

Question 17

Antiparallel

Answer 17

DNA strands run in opposite directions

Question 18

Semi-conservative replication

Answer 18

each new DNA molecule contains one old parent strean and one newly synthesized strand

Question 19

DNA polymerase III

Answer 19

enzyme responsible for synthesizing new strands of DNA

Question 20

transcription

Answer 20

process where DNA sequence is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

process where mRNA is translated into a protein sequence

Question 22

DNA vs RNA

Answer 22

DNA:
- double stranded, uses thymine and deoxyribose
RNA:
-single stranded, uses uracil instead of thymine, contains ribose sugar

Question 23

three main types of RNAs involved in translation

Answer 23

1. mRNA (messenger RNA)- carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis
2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms part of the structure of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs
3. tRNA (transfer RNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to mRNA codons

Question 24

codon

Answer 24

sequence of three RNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid

Question 25

start codon

Answer 25

AUG; methionine
first amino acid in a protein

Question 26

stop codon

Answer 26

UAA, UAG, UGA
signals the end of translation, DOES NOT TRANSLATE TO ANY AMINO ACID