CC9 + LV Flashcards
PPD stands for
Purified Protein Derivative
PPD are
proteins from the cell wall and lipid later of mycobacteria that are immunogenic
what are immunogenic proteins
those that cause an immune response, which often is seen as inflammation or reddening and swelling of the area
how to test for PPD
by injecting a small amount of PPD from mycobacteria under the individual’s skin
once PPD is injected, 72 hours later…
the location of the skin is monitored.
swelling of the area indicates a previous or current infection with some form of mycobacteria
what is the cause of tuberculosis
acid fast bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis
how can tuberculosis spread
spreads quickly via droplets from a sick person cough and can spread through a community rapidly even from individuals that were not sick with TB
Vaccine for TB
BCG based on the bacteria Mycobacterium bovis
quantiferon
a blood test used to detect TB infections by measuring the immune system’s release of interferon gamma in response to TB antigens
BCG is and stands for
BCG- Bacillus Calmette- Guerin
Innate immunity
rapid, generalized first line of defense
adaptive immunity
delayed, specific, and memory driven defense
Response time
Innate
Adaptive
Innate- immediate, within hours
adaptive- takes ~1 week to activate
Recognition
Innate
Adaptive
Innate: general recognition (bacteria vs virus ie)
Adaptive: specific down to the strain (ie flu strains)
Cells involved
Innate
Adaptive
I- macrophages, neutrophils, other non-specific cells
A- B cells and T cells
B cells vs T cells
B- produce antibodies
T- target pathogens
DNA Specificity
Innate
Adaptive
I- cells have the same DNA as other body cells
A- B and T cells undergo genetic changes to create pathogen-specific responses
Response Consistency
Innate
Adaptive
Innate-same response time to repeated exposures
a- faster, stronger responses upon re-exposure
First pathogen exposure
(remember PIAS)
P- Pathogen enters the body, starts multiplying
I- innate response quickly actives, within a day
A- adaptive response activates after a delay (~1 week) and effectively eliminates the pathogen
S- Symptoms are caused by the innate response (fever, inflammation)
Second pathogen exposure
(remember MPS)
Memory cells (adaptive)- remain active and respond rapidly
Pathogens- minimal due to fast adaptive responses
Symptoms- often absent due to reduced innate response
Key features of adaptive immunity
memory cells- persist after the first exposure, allowing a quicky response to future exposures
booster shots: enhance memory cell levels for long-term immunity
titers: measure antibody levels to assess immunity
