Chapter 8.3 How Does Language Work?

Question 1

1-Pre linguistic stage

Answer 1

0-6 months, communicate with sounds cooing sounds crying, infants can recognize voices facial expressions and voicetones

Question 2

2-Babbling stage

Answer 2

6-9 months, begin to babble making noises that arent yet words. mouth muscles and teeth grow to prepare children for more advanced talking

Question 3

3- Holophrastic stage

Answer 3

9-18 months, single words that describe objects or identify their basic needs. dada, eat they can overextending and underextending

Question 4

4-Two word stage

Answer 4

19-24 months, can speak two words sentences that usually have some meaning they group words from holophrastic stage more food doggy small thank mom

Question 5

5- Telegraphic strage

Answer 5

24-30 months, the cat stand up on the table understanding the instructions

Question 6

Sign language

Answer 6

the same brain areas and developmental stages are involved in spoken and sign languages

Question 7

Bilingualism

Answer 7

pass through same stages as monolingualists, altough syntax is slowed.

Question 8

metalingualistic

Answer 8

awareness of how language is structured and used

Question 9

Pure nature and nurture accounts

Answer 9

we mimic the language that we have heard. but has a problemç language is so genarative: allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways.

Question 10

The nativist account

Answer 10

children are born with some basic knowledge of how language works.
language acquisition device: hypothetical organ in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides.

Question 11

The social pragmatics account

Answer 11

account of language acquisition that proposes that children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions.

Question 12

The general cognitive processing account

Answer 12

proposes that children’s ability to learn language results from general skills that children apply across a variety of activities. Adults are better in cognitively but children are better with languages. that is problem with this theory

Question 13

extralinguistic information

Answer 13

elements of communication that arent part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning. facial expressions and tone of voice

Question 14

There is no

Answer 14

strict critical period for language development but rather a more general sensitive period

Question 15

linguistic determinism

Answer 15

there is 1000 words for snow or cold for people who lives in cold places. existing of words creates that understanding. In arabic theres so many words to describe camel

Question 16

linguistic relativity

Answer 16

memories way back to russia, they are better at remembering those while speaking russian experiences and language connect with each other

Question 17

reading

Answer 17

is automatic. without thinking

Question 18

dialect

Answer 18

language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background