Chapter 2.2 Scientific Methodology

Question 1

Naturalistic observation

Answer 1

watching behavior in real world settings

Question 2

high in external validity:

Answer 2

extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings

Question 3

low in internal validity

Answer 3

extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study

Question 4

Case study

Answer 4

examines one person or a small number of people in depth. Examining rare cases which are impossible to recreate in lab. Helpful for hypotheses. It can be misleading and anecdotal quite limited to test hypotheses

Question 5

Questionnaires and surveys

Answer 5

questionnaires asses personality or mental ilness, survey ask about persons opinions or abilities

Question 6

Random Selection

Answer 6

To ensure every participant had chosen by the same chance

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

consistency of measurement, test retest reliability and interrater reliability

Question 8

validity

Answer 8

extent of which a measure asseses what it purposed to measure

Question 9

pros of self report measures

Answer 9

easy to administer, direct self assesment of person’s state

Question 10

cons of self report measures

Answer 10

narcissists, dishonesty, Response set, positive impression management, malingering

Question 11

respontse set

Answer 11

tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items

Question 12

malingering

Answer 12

tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving a clear cut personal goal

Question 13

Rating data

Answer 13

people can also be asked to rate others on different characteristics this can do away with some biases in self report but still has problems

Question 14

Halo effect

Answer 14

one positive characteristics to spill over to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics. Reverse is horns effect

Question 15

Correlational Design

Answer 15

If two things are correlated they relate each other statisticly. generating predictions about future.

Question 16

Scatterplot

Answer 16

Grouping of points on a two dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data

Question 17

Illusory Correlation

Answer 17

crime rates and the full moon, arthritis and the weather. Probability table is the solution

Question 18

Experimental designs

Answer 18

with manuplating variables rather than just observing (unlike correlation)

Question 19

random assignment

Answer 19

sorting in two groups : experimental group (recieves manipulation) and control group

Question 20

operational definition

Answer 20

a working definition of what a researcher is measuring

Question 21

The placebo effect

Answer 21

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement. knowing precense of treatment. participants must be blind to their assignments in the groups

Question 22

The nocebo effect

Answer 22

harm resulting from the mere of expectation of harm smelling fake roses causes allergy

Question 23

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 23

researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study. Clever Hans, mathematical horse, facilitated comminication, rosenthal effect (rat experiment)

Question 24

Double blind

Answer 24

when neither researcher nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group

Question 25

Demand characteristics

Answer 25

Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses. Disguising the purpose of the study or filler items can help