Chapter 7.1 How Memory Operates

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

long term change, mental representations or associations, due to experience

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

The retention of information over time

Question 3

The paradox of Memory

Answer 3

Our memories can be surprisingly good or bad

Question 4

Memory illusion

Answer 4

false but subjectively compelling memory, our brains will often go beyond the available information to make sense of the world

Question 5

Reconstuctive Memory

Answer 5

when remembering, we actively reconstruct memories, not passively reproduce them. Our memories are probably shaped by not only our hunches and expectations, but also by our cultural backgrounds

Question 6

Three Systems of Memory

Answer 6

Sensory Memory, Short term memory-working memory, Long term memory

Question 7

span

Answer 7

How much information each system can hold

Question 8

duration

Answer 8

how long a period of time that system can hold information

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

brief storage of perspectual information before it is passed to short term memory, Its working with our senses.

Question 10

Iconic memory

Answer 10

visual sensory memory

Question 11

echoic memory

Answer 11

auditory sensory memory

Question 12

decay

Answer 12

fading of information from memory over time

Question 13

interference

Answer 13

loss of information from memory becasue of competition from additional incoming information

Question 14

retroactive interference

Answer 14

interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Question 15

proactive interference

Answer 15

interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning information

Question 16

Attention

Answer 16

attention is essential for most learning and memory.

Question 17

Magic number

Answer 17

the span of short term memory, according to george miller. Seven plus or minus 2 pieces information

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

where the action is in learning and thinking. actively. has a short duration and limited capacity

Question 20

Rehearsal

Answer 20

repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory

Question 21

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 21

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory

Question 22

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 22

linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short term memory

Question 23

Central executive

Answer 23

Working memory includes central executive that focuses attention, oversees the flow of information throughout the memory system, selects and controls complex voluntary behaviors, and inhibits counter productive thoughts and actions.

Question 24

Levels of processing

Answer 24

visual is the most shallow, phonological (sound related) is on the middle, and semantic (meaning-related) is the deepest one.

Question 25

Long term memory

Answer 25

Relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences and skills.

Question 26

Permastore

Answer 26

type of long term memory that appears to be permanent

Question 27

long vs short term memory

Answer 27

types of mistakes: long term memory: semantic; short term memory: acoustic

Question 28

Primacy effect vs recency effect

Answer 28

tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest; tendency to remember stimuli presented most recently

Question 29

Serial position curve

Answer 29

graph depicting bot primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

Question 30

Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 30

explicit memory and implicit memory

Question 31

explicit memory

Answer 31

memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness. Divided into two: semantic memory and episodic memory

Question 32

semantic memory

Answer 32

our knowledge of facts about the world. Left brain controls it

Question 33

episodic memory

Answer 33

recollection of events in our lives. Right brain controls it.

Question 34

Implicit memory

Answer 34

is recalling information that we dont remember deliberately. Includes classical conditioning and other forms of learning

Question 35

Procedural memory

Answer 35

refers to motor skills and habits: riding a bicycle etc.

Question 36

Priming

Answer 36

is our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli