Chapter 6.2 Operant Conditioning

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

learning controlled by the consequenses of the organism’s behavior. Organisms gets something because of its response. Also known as instrumental conditioning. Voluntarely

Question 2

The law of effect

Answer 2

If we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more likely to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future. It involves association btw a stimulus and response, with the reward stamping in this connection

Question 3

Thorndike

Answer 3

Puzzle box with cats. insight learning is aha moment

Question 4

B F skinner

Answer 4

reinforcement, Skinner box or operant chamber

Question 5

Reinforcements

Answer 5

are outcomes that increase probability of a response positive reinforcement involves giving a stimulus, negative inforcement involves taking away a stimulus.

Question 6

Punishment

Answer 6

is any outcome that decreases the probability of a response. like reinforcement it can be positive or negative. Disciplinary actions but only if they decrease the chance of the behavior happening again. only tells what not to do, encourages subversive behavior, may provide model for aggressive behavior.

Question 7

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 7

Stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement. Finger snapping to a dog and hoping it comes.

Question 8

Concrete reinforcers

Answer 8

an actual object

Question 9

Social reinforcers

Answer 9

gesture or sign

Question 10

Activity reinforcers

Answer 10

Going out watching tv

Question 11

Positive feedback

Answer 11

simple message than an answer is correct etc

Question 12

Shaping

Answer 12

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer to desired behavior

Question 13

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 13

Continious reinf, Fixed ratio, fixed interval,Variable ratio, Variable interval

Question 14

Continious reinf.

Answer 14

everytime it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinf.

Question 15

Fixed Ratio schedule

Answer 15

pattern in which we provide reinf following a regular number of responses. every 5th time etc.

Question 16

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 16

pattern in which we provide reinf after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly.

Question 17

Fixed interval

Answer 17

pattern in which we provide reinf for a response at least once following a specified time interval. every 30 minutes etc.

Question 18

Variable interval

Answer 18

pattern in which we provide reinf for a response at least once an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.

Question 19

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 19

token economies

Question 20

latent learning

Answer 20

learning thats not directly observable. learning always continuning but if we have nothing to gain we don’t show it.

Question 21

mirror neurons

Answer 21

cell in the profrontal cortex that become activated when an animal performs an action or observes it being performed

Question 22

preparedness

Answer 22

some phobias are more likely to occur because of evolutionary memory

Question 23

Instinctive Drift

Answer 23

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement