Chapter 8.1-8.3

Question 1

Human Development

Answer 1

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death

Question 2

Types of age-related research (3)

Answer 2

1) Longitudinal Design: one person or group of persons is followed and assessed at different times in their life
2) Cross-sectional Design: several age groups are studied at once
3) Cross-sequential Design: a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional

Question 3

Longitudinal Pros and Cons

Answer 3

+) able to observe the same subject as they develop

• ) costly in time, money, and effort
• ) subjects could lose interest, move, or die

Question 4

Cross-sectional Pros and Cons

Answer 4

+) quick and easier to accomplish than Longitudinal

-) individuals are being compared to one another and are more subject to confounding/extraneous variables

Question 5

Cohort Effect

Answer 5

the impact on development of people from a similar age group sharing common education or experiences

Question 6

Nature

Answer 6

influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 7

Nurture

Answer 7

influence of the environment on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic status…

Question 8

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 8

Research shows it’s largely due to the complex interactions of both

Question 9

Behavioral Genetics

Answer 9

research inheritance vs. experience, often done through fraternal and identical twin research

Question 10

Genetics

Answer 10

the scientific study of heredity

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

special molecule that contains an organism’s genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

section of DNA that contains a certain sequence of amines

Question 13

Chromosomes

Answer 13

tightly wound rod-like strands of DNA/genetic materials. Most heritable characteristics are determined by the first 22 pairs, the 23rd controls sex (46 total)

Question 14

Dominant

Answer 14

gene that controls trait expression

Question 15

Recessive

Answer 15

gene that only influences expression when paired with an identical gene

Question 16

Polygenetic Inheritance

Answer 16

traits are usually influenced by the expression of multiple genes

Question 17

Dominant Gene Disorders (def and 2 examples)

Answer 17

only parent has to pass the gene down to offspring

Huntington’s Disease (neuron breakdown), Marfan’s Syndrome (connective tissue disorder)

Question 18

Recessive Gene Disorders (def and 4 examples)

Answer 18

child inherits a recessive gene from both parents

Cystic Fibrosis (affects respiratory and digestive tracts), Sickle-cell anemia (blood disorder), Tay-Sachs Disorder (fatal neurological disorder), and Phenylketonuria (infant disease that can lead to brain damage)

Question 19

Chromosome Disorders (def and example)

Answer 19

chromosomes can end up in the wrong cell, leading some to cells to only have 22 and some to have 24

Down syndrome means there is an extra chromosome at the 21st pair