Chapter 3.10-3.13

Question 1

Taste buds

Answer 1

specialized receptor cells in the mouth, lining the wall of papillae bumps, responsible for taste

Each bud has around 20 receptors and operate like those in the neural synapse

Question 2

Gustation

Answer 2

the sense of taste

Question 3

5 Basic Tastes (process and names for 5th)

Answer 3

All tastes sensations are processed all over the tongue
1) Sweet
2) Sour
3) Salty
4) Bitter
5*) Umami: Ikeda and supported by Lindemann, glutamate, pleasant flavor in food

Possible 6th: degusts (fatty acids)

Question 4

Gustatory Cortex (location)

Answer 4

located in the front of the insula and frontal operculum, controls the conscious perception of taste

Question 5

Somatosensory Cortex (location)

Answer 5

located in the Parietal lobe, processes the texture and “mouth-feel” of food

Question 6

Taste Takeaways (2)

Answer 6

1) the Limbic system is involved, leading to our positive and negative associations with taste
2) Preferences and perception of taste depends on compounding factors

Question 7

Olfaction

Answer 7

ability to smell odors and scents

Question 8

Outer nose

Answer 8

funnels sensory information

Question 9

Olfactory Receptor Cells (location, lifecycle, and features)

Answer 9

top of the nasal passages, they transduce odors into neural signals. They die every 5-8 weeks and are replaced

Each ORC has cilia, hairlike structures, that are stimulated by molecules of substances

Question 10

Olfactory Bulbs

Answer 10

two bulb-like projections of the brain located at the top of the sinus cavity that receive information from the Olfactory Receptor Cells

Question 11

Final process

Answer 11

information is sent to the primary olfactory cortex, the orbifrontal cortex, and the amygdala (which play a role in our emotional responses)

Question 12

Somesthetic senses (30

Answer 12

the body senses, consisting of:

1) the skin senses
2) the kinesthetic and proprioceptive senses
3) the vestibular senses

Question 13

Pacinian Corpuscles

Answer 13

receptors just beneath the surface of our skin that respond to changes in pressure

Question 14

Free Nerve Endings

Answer 14

receptors that respond to changes in temperature and painful pressure

Question 15

Visceral pain

Answer 15

pain in the organs

Question 16

Somatic pain

Answer 16

pain in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints. These represent the body’s warning system, and the pain is usually sharp.

Can be an ache, serving as a reminder system of an existing injury.

Question 17

Gate-Control Theory (names and explanation)

Answer 17

Melzack and Wall, pain signals must pass through a gate in the spinal cord, which can be closed by non-pain signals. The gate represents the relative balance of neural activities.

Question 18

Substance P

Answer 18

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator released by stimulation of pain receptor cells that activates other neurons through the spinal gates. This activates cells in Thalamus, Somatosensory Cortex, Areas of the Frontal Lobe, and the Limbic System.

Question 19

Endorphins

Answer 19

neuropeptides that control the bodies pain levels. Endorphins can inhibit the transmission of pain signals to the brain and release of Substance P

Question 20

Congenital Analgesia and CIPA

Answer 20

disorder that prevents the feeling of pain

Question 21

Phantom Limb Pain

Answer 21

limb pain in amputees either due to the trauma of amputation or maladaptive neuroplasticity (reorganization of the somatosensory cortex

Question 22

Kinesthetic Sense

Answer 22

awareness in body movement, i.e triggered by changes in skin stretching

Question 23

Proprioceptive Sense

Answer 23

awareness of where the body parts are and their relation to each other in space and the ground

Question 24

Vestibular Sense

Answer 24

sense of balance that is controlled by inner-ear structures, relaying information about proximity to the ground and head movement

Question 25

Vestibular organs (2)

Answer 25

1) Otolith Organs: tiny sacs above the Cochlea filled with gelatin and crystals that respond to head movement
2) Semicircular Canals: 3 circular tubes filled with fluid that stimulate hairlike structures when rotated (3D movement)

Question 26

Sensory Conflict Theory

Answer 26

theory for explaining motion sickness as conflict in information collected from the eyes and vestibular organs

This explains why focusing on a distant object helps us balance, as it aligns our sensory and visual inputs

Question 27

Biofeedback

Answer 27

using feedback from biological conditions to bring involuntary responses (blood pressure) under voluntary control