chapter 8 review

Question 1

discuss the synoptic planning approach and describe the 3 methods of selecting a preferred course of action w/in process

Answer 1

*rational comprehensive approach - problem oriented apprach
1) preparation for planning
2) present situation described
3) developing projections - consider alternative state
most widely used in p.d.

Question 2

discuss the characteristics of effective plans

Answer 2

1) specific
2) benefits offset efforts
3) involvement widespread
4) degree of flexibility
5) coordination, development, implementation w/ gov.
6) must be coord & developed w/in agency
7) compare plan vs. results

Question 3

list 3 major decision making models

Answer 3

rational model
incremental model
heuristic model

Question 4

discuss simon’s concept of bounded rationality

Answer 4

rational choice made on principle of efficiency
3 steps in decision making
1) list alternative strategies
2) determine/calculate all consequences of strategy
3) evaluate all consequences in comparative fashion
rational comprehensive model:
1) i.d. define problem
2) get all info on problem
3) list all alternatives
4) analyze alternatives and asses facts
5) select app. alternative find answers

Question 5

explain lindbolm’s theory of incremental decision making “play it safe”

Answer 5

muddle through problems vs. analytically

provides police & public safeguards against error

Question 6

describe the decision making process as presented by william Gore Heuristic model

Answer 6

less concrete more “gut feeling” emotional, non rational, highly personalized, subjective process “ validity “

Question 7

recommendations for handling protracted crisis events

Answer 7

nagel-events institutionalized, written directives and assign POC
Police agency adopt philosophy - safety of human life
consider withdrawl
execs consider role of swat
training include leader
outside observers used as referee’s reality check

Question 8

discuss advantages of group decision making

Answer 8

attain proficiency

Question 9

List steps decision makers should take when confronted w/ ethical issue

Answer 9

recognize ethical issue
get facts
who has important stake in outcome
make decision 
evaluate

Question 10

what are most common errors in decision making?

Answer 10

cognitive nearsightedness
assumption-future repeat past
over simplification
over reliance on one's own experience
pre-conceived notions
reluctant to decide. 
unwillingness to experiment

Question 11

explain advantages of planning w/in police department

Answer 11

improve analysis, provide better info, objectives, priority, effective allocation, improve inter/intra departmental cooperation, improve performance of programs, give police dep. clear sense direction, provide opportunity greater public support.

Question 12

____ is a complex process that includes not only procedures for reaching a sound decision on the basis of pertinent knowledge, beliefs, and judgements but also procedures for obtaining the required knowledge, ideas, and preconditions.

Answer 12

decision - making

Question 13

The dominant tradition in planning is the rational comprehensive approach, also call the

Answer 13

synoptic - approach

Question 14

the synoptic planning model consists of which of the following activities?

Answer 14

implementation

Question 15

which of the following are the thee techniques involved in the selection of alternatives in synoptic planning?

Answer 15

strategic analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, and must wants analysis

Question 16

a suitability study of ll alternatives is the first step in

Answer 16

a strategic analysis

Question 17

The models derived from decision making theory that appear to be basic in most of the literature, include the

Answer 17

rational model
incremental model
heuristic model

Question 18

simon’s model of rationality contends that decision making should

Answer 18

list all alternative strategies
calculate all consequences
evaluate all consequences

Question 19

simon formulated a modified rational comprehensive idea entitled

Answer 19

bounded rationality

Question 20

Gore is associated most properly with

Answer 20

gut level approach

Question 21

police have devised a new technique often referred to as QUAD - provides officers with tactical philosophy and solution to use in situations

Answer 21

quick action development

Question 22

PERT

Answer 22

program evaluation review technique: managerial planning forecasting

Question 23

which of the following is an advantage found in group decision making

Answer 23

better comprehension of the decision

Question 24

brainstorming as a function of group decision making was developed to initially

Answer 24

help trigger creative ideas in advertising

Question 25

which of the following is defined as the standard of behavior that dictates how humans are supposed to act within the roles that they find themselves in

Answer 25

ethics

Question 26

the best way in which to determine the workability of a proposal is to test it first on

Answer 26

limited scale

Question 27

_____ is simply the process of gathering information about past mistakes and understanding why they happened

Answer 27

preparation

Question 28

_____ involves application of our knowledge our experience and our mental and moral skills and powers to determine what actions should be taken to deal with a variety of problem situation

Answer 28

decision making

Question 29

______ is an integral element of good management and one of the most critical ingredients to the success of any organizational undertaking

Answer 29

planning

Question 30

the real purpose of planning is

Answer 30

determining what an organization should do and then doing it

Question 31

why has strategic analysis been popular in police management

Answer 31

makes a suitable alternative, provides for feasibility studies appraising the effects on a number of factors, and analyzes the retained course of action that is suitable in acceptable studies.

Question 32

the final step in the synoptic planning model is

Answer 32

evaluation

Question 33

within the rational model of decision making, the economic person is presumed to act in a _____ _____ when faced with a decision making situation

Answer 33

rational manner

Question 34

_____ and ____ are the outcome of a process of bargaining among individuals and groups to support their interests

Answer 34

policy making and general decision making

Question 35

what does thin slicing theory state

Answer 35

situations where a snap decision is required

Question 36

social pressure is a ____ ____ for increasing conformity

Answer 36

major force

Question 37

what is groupthink theory based on

Answer 37

psychological phenomenon that takes place in tight, cohesive groups that are isolated from other political and decision making bodies