chapter 8 review Flashcards
discuss the synoptic planning approach and describe the 3 methods of selecting a preferred course of action w/in process
*rational comprehensive approach - problem oriented apprach
1) preparation for planning
2) present situation described
3) developing projections - consider alternative state
most widely used in p.d.
discuss the characteristics of effective plans
1) specific
2) benefits offset efforts
3) involvement widespread
4) degree of flexibility
5) coordination, development, implementation w/ gov.
6) must be coord & developed w/in agency
7) compare plan vs. results
list 3 major decision making models
rational model
incremental model
heuristic model
discuss simon’s concept of bounded rationality
rational choice made on principle of efficiency
3 steps in decision making
1) list alternative strategies
2) determine/calculate all consequences of strategy
3) evaluate all consequences in comparative fashion
rational comprehensive model:
1) i.d. define problem
2) get all info on problem
3) list all alternatives
4) analyze alternatives and asses facts
5) select app. alternative find answers
explain lindbolm’s theory of incremental decision making “play it safe”
muddle through problems vs. analytically
provides police & public safeguards against error
describe the decision making process as presented by william Gore Heuristic model
less concrete more “gut feeling” emotional, non rational, highly personalized, subjective process “ validity “
recommendations for handling protracted crisis events
nagel-events institutionalized, written directives and assign POC
Police agency adopt philosophy - safety of human life
consider withdrawl
execs consider role of swat
training include leader
outside observers used as referee’s reality check
discuss advantages of group decision making
attain proficiency
List steps decision makers should take when confronted w/ ethical issue
recognize ethical issue get facts who has important stake in outcome make decision evaluate
what are most common errors in decision making?
cognitive nearsightedness assumption-future repeat past over simplification over reliance on one's own experience pre-conceived notions reluctant to decide. unwillingness to experiment
explain advantages of planning w/in police department
improve analysis, provide better info, objectives, priority, effective allocation, improve inter/intra departmental cooperation, improve performance of programs, give police dep. clear sense direction, provide opportunity greater public support.
____ is a complex process that includes not only procedures for reaching a sound decision on the basis of pertinent knowledge, beliefs, and judgements but also procedures for obtaining the required knowledge, ideas, and preconditions.
decision - making
The dominant tradition in planning is the rational comprehensive approach, also call the
synoptic - approach
the synoptic planning model consists of which of the following activities?
implementation
which of the following are the thee techniques involved in the selection of alternatives in synoptic planning?
strategic analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, and must wants analysis
a suitability study of ll alternatives is the first step in
a strategic analysis
The models derived from decision making theory that appear to be basic in most of the literature, include the
rational model
incremental model
heuristic model
simon’s model of rationality contends that decision making should
list all alternative strategies
calculate all consequences
evaluate all consequences
simon formulated a modified rational comprehensive idea entitled
bounded rationality
Gore is associated most properly with
gut level approach
police have devised a new technique often referred to as QUAD - provides officers with tactical philosophy and solution to use in situations
quick action development
PERT
program evaluation review technique: managerial planning forecasting
which of the following is an advantage found in group decision making
better comprehension of the decision
brainstorming as a function of group decision making was developed to initially
help trigger creative ideas in advertising
which of the following is defined as the standard of behavior that dictates how humans are supposed to act within the roles that they find themselves in
ethics
the best way in which to determine the workability of a proposal is to test it first on
limited scale
_____ is simply the process of gathering information about past mistakes and understanding why they happened
preparation
_____ involves application of our knowledge our experience and our mental and moral skills and powers to determine what actions should be taken to deal with a variety of problem situation
decision making
______ is an integral element of good management and one of the most critical ingredients to the success of any organizational undertaking
planning
the real purpose of planning is
determining what an organization should do and then doing it
why has strategic analysis been popular in police management
makes a suitable alternative, provides for feasibility studies appraising the effects on a number of factors, and analyzes the retained course of action that is suitable in acceptable studies.
the final step in the synoptic planning model is
evaluation
within the rational model of decision making, the economic person is presumed to act in a _____ _____ when faced with a decision making situation
rational manner
_____ and ____ are the outcome of a process of bargaining among individuals and groups to support their interests
policy making and general decision making
what does thin slicing theory state
situations where a snap decision is required
social pressure is a ____ ____ for increasing conformity
major force
what is groupthink theory based on
psychological phenomenon that takes place in tight, cohesive groups that are isolated from other political and decision making bodies
