Chapter 8 Middle Childhood: The Social World Flashcards
drive for
independence
eriksons stage
industry vs inferiority
industry vs inferiority
tension between productivity and incompetence
parental reactions
- shift from care provision to
engagement in dialogue, discussion, and shared activities
decrease in time with parents
increase in time alone and with peers
adjustment erosion model
emotional problems at age 6 affect later academic difficulties more than vice cersa
children who affirm ____ in their gender and ethnicity are likely to develop healthy self esteem
pride
praise for what encourages growth
process
self conscious emotions
pride, shame, guilt
resilience
capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
components of resilience
dynamic
positive adaption to stress
adversity must be significant
stress is
cumulative
what can be more detrimental than isolated major stress
daily hassles
family as abuffer
when issues happen and separate parents and children, development predict lifelong problems for these children
factors contributing to resilience
interpretation of events and family situation
support of family and community
personal strengths
avoidance of parentification
parentficcation
when a child acts more like a parent than a child, making them feel responsible for the family
do children in the same households bu the same parents share the same environment
no
SNAF
standard North American family
mother father children
is SNAF the US norm
no
what is more important function or structure
function
what is functuon
way a family works to meet the needs of its memebrs
is fundtion easier to measure
no
well functioning families do what
provide basic material necessities
encourage learning
help development of self respect
nurture friendships
foster harmony and stability
most important function of a family is to give every family member a
sense of belonging
what children have higher grades, attendee, and lower rates of physical and motor disorders
two married heterosexual parents
structure affects
function
standard two parent families
adults: economic and emotional gains from partnership, wealthier and happier
child: increased bonding and attention, decreased risk of maltreatment
major predictor of children well being was
income and stability
* not sexual orientation
remarriage benefits
adults more than children
what happens in step families
blame, rejection, anger, distrust, and bonding difficulty
disruption of daily routines, siblings and half sibling disputes
does structure determine funciton
no
cohabitation
together but not married
what is the norm for young adults and divorced older adults
cohabitation
what does cohabitation provide
sexual
emotional
economic benefit
cohbatioation to children
disruption
lower achievement in school with who’s absence
father
what is healthier, joint custody or full
when both parents are directly involved in caregiving, children of divorce are healthier, physically and emotionally than when one parent has custody
mothers gatekeeping
fathers involvement depends on mother
extended families
grandparents, aunts, uncles
when are extended families benefical
infancy
three factors increase the likelihood of family dysfunction
frequent changes
poverty
conflict
family instability increases children’s
internalizing and externalizing problems and health
what are useful coping measures in middle childhood
routines
what affect how children react
temperament and family circumstances
family stress model
any risk factor damages a family only if it increases the stress on that family
adults stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determination the effect on
children
more income
better family functioning
family conflict harms
children
when is family conflict especially harmful
when talking about child rearing
quiet disagreements did what harm
little
change is benign
no
school age children value personal friendship or peer acceptance
personal friendship
end of middle school friends
same sex, age, ethnicity, socioecominic status
boys
joint excitement
girls
sympathetic reassurance
2 types of popular children
friendly and cooperative
aggressive
3 types of unpopular children
neglected
aggressive
withdraw
neglected unpopular
neglected by peers, not actively shunned
do not enjoy school
psychologically unharmed
aggressive rejected unpopular
disliked due to antagonistic/confrontational behavior
bully-victums
with drawn rejected unpopulat
disliked because they re timid, withdrawn, and anxious
aggressive and withdrawn 3 difficulties
- misinterpret social situations
- lack emotional regulation
- experience mistreatment
bullying
repeated
systematic efforts to inflict harm on weaker person
types of bullying
physical (hitting)
verbal (teasing)
relational (peer acceptance)
cyber
when is cyber bulling common
later
victims
endure repeated shameful experiences with no defense
selection for bullying is based on
emotional vulnerability and social isolaiton
not apperence
bullies
popular
proud
socially dominant
boy bullies
smaller, weaker boys
gay children
girl bullies
words and relational aggression to shyer girls
cause sof bullying
early childhood
chaotic home life
ineffectual discipline
hostile siblings
insecure attachment
middle childhood bullying cause
attempt to gain status and power
consequences of bullying
serous psychological issues
decreased school achevement
relationship issues
successful efforts to eliminate bullying
parents
whole school
bystandars
convivencia
culture of cooperation and positive relationships within a community
morality
fairness
kindness
equality
moral judgments
influences on moral development in middle childhoof
peer culture
personal experience
empathy
kholbergs level of moral thought
- pre conventional
rewards and punishment
kohlbergs level of moral thought
- conventional
social rules
kholbergs level of moral thought
- post
abstract moral principles
children align themselves with who when adult morality clashes with child culture
peers
three moral imperatives of child culture in middle childhood
defend your fiends
don’t tell adults
conform to peer standards
empathy
basic humanity of other people
the ability to understand emotions and concerns of another person
children begin to understand differences between
intentions and actions
reciprocal infleunces
children characteristics affect how parents treat them
the effects of family conflict echo in adulthood
financially and psychologically
when are children more affected by divorce
childhood and adolences than preschool and college
three facts increase the likelihood of family dysfunction in all family structures
- instability
- poverty
- conflict
self pride depends on
actual accomplishments and the perceptions of others
self concept
idea bout themselves, intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, ethnicity
opinions about onself become
specific and logical
ACE’s make resilience
difficult
family struture
genetic and legal connections among related people
family structure can be measured by who live s
in the hosuehold
two parent percent
70
nuclear
55
stepparent
9
adpotive
2
grandparents
1t
two same sex
1
single parent
31
single mother - never married
14
single mother divorced
12
single father
4
grandparent alone
1
extended family
10
polygamous fmaily
0
skipped fmaily
parent generation is missing
needs of children
physical
leaning
respenct
realtionship
stability
mothers gatekeeping
mothers encourage father involvement and other limit it
family stress model
any risk factor damages a family if and only if it increases stress on parents making them less patient and repsonsive to children
child culture
customs, rules, rituals that are passed down to younger children for slightly older ones
retribution
hurting the transgressor
restitution restoring what was lost
