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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 2 The Beginnings: From Conception to Birth > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Beginnings: From Conception to Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

what chromosome is smaller

A

Y

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1
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23 pairs

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2
Q

what special gene does Y carry

A

SRY

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3
Q

what does. SRY gene do

A

activates hormones to grow a penis

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4
Q

Y comes from the

A

father

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5
Q

Each reproductive cell is called a

A

gamete

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6
Q

when two gametes combine they create one new cell called a

A

zygote

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7
Q

what is the only cell In the human body that does not contain all of the persons chromosomes

A

gamete

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8
Q

genome

A

entire packet of instructions to make a living organism

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9
Q

allele

A

any variation within a gene

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10
Q

alleles can be

A

crucial

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11
Q

epigenegtics

A

the many aspects of the science of how the environment affects genetic expression

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12
Q

genotype

A

all the genetic material that the 46 chromosomes carry
inherited and passed down

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13
Q

can you tell the genotype by looking at someone

A

no

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14
Q

phenotype

A

actually appearance and manifest behavior of a person

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15
Q

every genotype produces ______ phenotypes

A

many

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16
Q

methylation

A

when methyl surrounding each gene enhances, transcribes, connects, empowers, silences, and alters genetic interactions

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17
Q

microbiome

A

refers to all the microbes that live within every part of the body

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18
Q

copy number variations

A

genes with repeats or deletions of base pairs

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19
Q

interactions among genes and alleles are often called

A

additive
* because their effects add up to influence the phenotype

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20
Q

alleles can be

A

dominant or recessive

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21
Q

a person is called a carrier of the recessive gene when

A

it is on the genotype but not the phenotype

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22
Q

almost every trait is polygenic

A

meaning many genes

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23
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical
* zygote splits

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24
Q

dizygotic

A

fraternal
* female released 2 eggs

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25
Q

who are more likely to have two ova released with a cycle

A

older women

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26
Q

identical twins are always the same

A

sex

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27
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A

germinal
embryonic
fetal

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28
Q

germinal time line

A

first 2 weeks

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29
Q

embryonic period

A

3-8

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30
Q

fetal time peroid

A

8 to birth

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31
Q

2 distinct parts in the germinal phase

A

shell-placental
nucleus- embryo

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32
Q

first task of the shell is

A

implantation

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33
Q

day 14 what appears

A

primitive streak

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34
Q

what is a primitive streak

A

neural tube

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35
Q

when is it called a fetus

A

beginning of 9 to birth

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36
Q

age of viability

A

when a fetus born far too early might survive

37
Q

what is the age of viability

A

around 22 weeks

38
Q

when can the infant recognize the mother

A

day or two after birth

39
Q

fontanels

A

areas on top of newborn head where the skull bones have not yet fused

40
Q

three chromosomes at particular location

A

trisomy

41
Q

3 chromosomes at 13th site

A

patau syndrome

42
Q

3 chromosomes at 18th

A

Edwards syndrome

43
Q

3 chromosomes at 21 site

A

down syndrome

44
Q

Down syndrome middle age at risk for

A

alzheimers disease

45
Q

one sex chromosome at 23rd site

A

turner sundrome

46
Q

examples of dominant disorders

A

muscular dystrophy
marfan syndrome
huntingonts

47
Q

examples of recessive conditions

A

hemophilia
fragile X sundrime

48
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

more than 200 repetitions on one stretch of gene

49
Q

nurture begins at

A

prenatal

50
Q

teratogen

A

anything that increases risk of prenatal abnormalities and birth complications
* drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, stress

51
Q

some teratogens cause damage only during

A

critical peroid

52
Q

many teratogens have a threshold effect

A

virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level

53
Q

drinking can lead to

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (early)
fetal alcohol effect (later)

54
Q

folic acid deficient can lead to

A

spina bifida

55
Q

low birth weight

A

under 2,500 grams

56
Q

being underweight at birth has lifelong consequences including

A

heart disease, less education, more obesity

57
Q

what is the most common reason for low birth weight

A

malnutrition
2nd is drugs
3rd is multiple births

58
Q

immigrant paradox

A

newborns of immigrant women tend to be heavier and healthier than those born to native born women of the same SES

59
Q

two conditions that produce heavier babies

A

obesity and diabetes

60
Q

what hormone starts labor

A

oxytocin

61
Q

what is considered full term

A

2 weeks before or after due date

62
Q

doula

A

person trained to support laboring woman
* proven helpful to immigrant, low income, unpartnered women

63
Q

C section

A

surgical procedure removed through abdomen

64
Q

newborn health is often measured by

A

Apgar scale
* color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, breathing

65
Q

postpartum depression usually recovers in

A

6 months

66
Q

couvade

A

parental experiences of pregnancy and birth

67
Q

precent of c section

A

21%

68
Q

similar genes humans share

A

99%

69
Q

genes

A

genetic material/DNA which influences some specific aspect of development

70
Q

chromosomes

A

organized chain of genes

71
Q

22 of chromosome pairs are

A

autosomes

72
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes are

A

sex linked

73
Q

female chromosome

A

XX

74
Q

male chromosome

A

XY

75
Q

sperm and ova are

A

gametes

76
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have

A

23

77
Q

zygote

A

2 combined gametes

78
Q

how to determine sex of zygote

A

whether the fathers Y or X sperm is fertilized

79
Q

genome

A

all genetic material

80
Q

allele

A

any variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for that same characteristic

81
Q

genotype

A

genetic inheritance

82
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics

83
Q

some of the ways in which nurture influences phenotype

A

methylation
microbiome
social experiments

84
Q

single genes

A

influence specific phenotypes

85
Q

copy number variations

A

genes with repeats or deletions of base pairs

86
Q

proximodistal

A

growth from areas close to the center of the body to farthest

87
Q

cephalocaudal

A

growth from head to tail

88
Q

downsyndrome site

A

21

89
Q
A

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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