Chapter 1 The Science of Human Development

Question 1

human development is a

Answer 1

science

Question 2

development seeks to udnerstand

Answer 2

how and why people of all ages change and remain the same over time

Question 3

nature vs nurture
- nature

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

nature vs nurture
- nurture

Answer 4

environmental influences

Question 5

human development is complex and is 4 things

Answer 5

multidirectional
multi contextual
multicultural
plastic

Question 6

multidirectional

Answer 6

change in every direction
development is not linear

Question 7

critical vs sensitive peroid

Answer 7

critical is when certain things must occur for normal development
EX: development of arms

sensitive is when particular development occurs most easily
EX: speaking

Question 8

do humans have a lot of critical peroids

Answer 8

no

Question 9

multi contextual

Answer 9

different contexts in which we operate and each influences our development
- social
- economic
- family

Question 10

microsystem

Answer 10

immediate direct influences
EX: family, school, neighborhood, peer group

Question 11

exosystem

Answer 11

a little more remote than microsystem
EX: educational system, reglious values, transportation

Question 12

macrosystem

Answer 12

societal factors
EX: cultural patterns, politics, economic polices

Question 13

cohort

Answer 13

persons born within a few years of one another
EX: Gen X

Question 14

SES Socioeconomic status

Answer 14

income, wealth, occupation, education, and neighborhood

Question 15

culture

Answer 15

shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations

Question 16

multicultural who came up with that

Answer 16

vygotsky

Question 17

difference-equals-deficit error

Answer 17

different traits are appropriate in different settings, not one is bad or good, it depends on the context

Question 18

multicultural

Answer 18

we are the product of our communities, family, etc

Question 19

ethnic group

Answer 19

share ancestors

Question 20

ethnicity

Answer 20

social construction affected by social context

Question 21

race

Answer 21

social construct that is more affected by history

Question 22

intersectionality

Answer 22

various identities need to be combined
- ethnicity
- socioecominic status
- nationality
- gender
- sexual orientation

Question 23

what is important in determining if discrimination occurs

Answer 23

intersectionality

Question 24

plastic

Answer 24

not set in stone, changing over time
future development depends I part on what has already happened
- people can be molded and are durable

Question 25

dynamic systems approach

Answer 25

development is ongoing ever changing interaction between body and mind

Question 26

psychoanalytic

Answer 26

freud

Question 27

psychodynamic

Answer 27

eriksons

Question 28

behavioral

Answer 28

pavlov, skinner, bandura

Question 29

cognitive

Answer 29

piaget

Question 30

evolutionary

Answer 30

darwin

Question 31

frued believes

Answer 31

development stopped after puberty

Question 32

eriksons emphasized

Answer 32

family and culture

Question 33

Piaget, humans seek cognitive equilibrium

Answer 33

mental balance and achieve through assimilation

Question 34

behaviorism focuses on

Answer 34

observable behavior

Question 35

classical conditioning

Answer 35

pavlov

Question 36

operant conditioning

Answer 36

skinner

Question 37

social learning theory

Answer 37

bandura (bobo doll)

Question 38

classical condition is when

Answer 38

neutral stimuli becomes conditioned response

Question 39

operant condiitoning learning occurs through

Answer 39

reinforcement and punishment

Question 40

social learning occurs through

Answer 40

modeling what others do

Question 41

sensorimotor age

Answer 41

birth to 2

Question 42

sensorimotor

Answer 42

understanding of himself or herself and reality through interactions with environment do not have concept of reality

Question 43

assimilation

Answer 43

organization of information and absorbing it into existing schema EX: only knowing dogs and cats and seeing a rabbit and putting it in the category of cats

Question 44

accommodation

Answer 44

when an object cannot be assimilated and the schemata have to be modified to include the object ex: only knowing cat and dog and then seeing a rabbit and having to create a new category of animals

Question 45

pre operational age

Answer 45

2-4

Question 46

pre operational

Answer 46

not yet able to conceptualize abstractly, needs concrete physical situations

Question 47

concrete age

Answer 47

7-11

Question 48

concrete

Answer 48

begins to think abstractly, creating logical structures

Question 49

formal operation

Answer 49

no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments

Question 50

species need to do two things

Answer 50

survive and reproduce

Question 51

five steps to scientific method

Answer 51

be curious/question hypothesis test it through reasrech analyze data/draw conculsions report resultts

Question 52

3 common scientific methods in developmental science

Answer 52

scientific observation experiments surveys or self reports

Question 53

scientfic observation

Answer 53

record behavior systemically and objectavliy in a natural setting or lab

Question 54

expiemiments

Answer 54

researcher controls/manipulates a variable (Independent) to see if it has an effect on a. second variable (deponent) ex: medication on appetite suppression, independent is medication and dependent is on appetite levels

Question 55

groups in an experiment

Answer 55

experimental: exposed to independent variable control/comparison : not exposed to independent

Question 56

surveys and observation allows us to understand

Answer 56

correlation (relationship between two variables)

Question 57

experiment is the only factor that allows us to understand

Answer 57

if one factor causes another

Question 58

surveys

Answer 58

large number, through interview and questionnaire

Question 59

cross sectional research

Answer 59

one age compared with people of another age EX: reading between 2, 5, 8 year olds

Question 60

longitudinal reaserhc

Answer 60

following the same individuals as they age

Question 61

cross sequential

Answer 61

studying groups of people at different ages and following then over years

Question 62

correlation

Answer 62

this exists between two variables if one variable is more of less likely to occur when the other does

Question 63

positive correlation

Answer 63

both increase/decrease together

Question 64

negative correlation

Answer 64

one increases while other decreases

Question 65

zero correltaion

Answer 65

no correlation evident

Question 66

correlation is not

Answer 66

causation

Question 67

qualitative

Answer 67

open ended q's not numners

Question 68

quantitative

Answer 68

numbers

Question 69

ethics

Answer 69

participation is voluntary, confidential, harmless understand research procedures and risks promote honesty and truthfulness