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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 1 The Science of Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Science of Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

human development is a

A

science

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2
Q

development seeks to udnerstand

A

how and why people of all ages change and remain the same over time

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3
Q

nature vs nurture
- nature

A

genes

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4
Q

nature vs nurture
- nurture

A

environmental influences

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5
Q

human development is complex and is 4 things

A

multidirectional
multi contextual
multicultural
plastic

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6
Q

multidirectional

A

change in every direction
development is not linear

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7
Q

critical vs sensitive peroid

A

critical is when certain things must occur for normal development
EX: development of arms

sensitive is when particular development occurs most easily
EX: speaking

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8
Q

do humans have a lot of critical peroids

A

no

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9
Q

multi contextual

A

different contexts in which we operate and each influences our development
- social
- economic
- family

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10
Q

microsystem

A

immediate direct influences
EX: family, school, neighborhood, peer group

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11
Q

exosystem

A

a little more remote than microsystem
EX: educational system, reglious values, transportation

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12
Q

macrosystem

A

societal factors
EX: cultural patterns, politics, economic polices

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13
Q

cohort

A

persons born within a few years of one another
EX: Gen X

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14
Q

SES Socioeconomic status

A

income, wealth, occupation, education, and neighborhood

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15
Q

culture

A

shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations

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16
Q

multicultural who came up with that

A

vygotsky

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17
Q

difference-equals-deficit error

A

different traits are appropriate in different settings, not one is bad or good, it depends on the context

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18
Q

multicultural

A

we are the product of our communities, family, etc

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19
Q

ethnic group

A

share ancestors

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20
Q

ethnicity

A

social construction affected by social context

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21
Q

race

A

social construct that is more affected by history

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22
Q

intersectionality

A

various identities need to be combined
- ethnicity
- socioecominic status
- nationality
- gender
- sexual orientation

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23
Q

what is important in determining if discrimination occurs

A

intersectionality

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24
Q

plastic

A

not set in stone, changing over time
future development depends I part on what has already happened
- people can be molded and are durable

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25
Q

dynamic systems approach

A

development is ongoing ever changing interaction between body and mind

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26
Q

psychoanalytic

A

freud

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27
Q

psychodynamic

A

eriksons

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28
Q

behavioral

A

pavlov, skinner, bandura

29
Q

cognitive

A

piaget

30
Q

evolutionary

A

darwin

31
Q

frued believes

A

development stopped after puberty

32
Q

eriksons emphasized

A

family and culture

33
Q

Piaget, humans seek cognitive equilibrium

A

mental balance and achieve through assimilation

34
Q

behaviorism focuses on

A

observable behavior

35
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov

36
Q

operant conditioning

A

skinner

37
Q

social learning theory

A

bandura (bobo doll)

38
Q

classical condition is when

A

neutral stimuli becomes conditioned response

39
Q

operant condiitoning learning occurs through

A

reinforcement and punishment

40
Q

social learning occurs through

A

modeling what others do

41
Q

sensorimotor age

A

birth to 2

42
Q

sensorimotor

A

understanding of himself or herself and reality through interactions with environment
do not have concept of reality

43
Q

assimilation

A

organization of information and absorbing it into existing schema
EX: only knowing dogs and cats and seeing a rabbit and putting it in the category of cats

44
Q

accommodation

A

when an object cannot be assimilated and the schemata have to be modified to include the object
ex: only knowing cat and dog and then seeing a rabbit and having to create a new category of animals

45
Q

pre operational age

A

2-4

46
Q

pre operational

A

not yet able to conceptualize abstractly, needs concrete physical situations

47
Q

concrete age

A

7-11

48
Q

concrete

A

begins to think abstractly, creating logical structures

49
Q

formal operation

A

no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments

50
Q

species need to do two things

A

survive and reproduce

51
Q

five steps to scientific method

A

be curious/question
hypothesis
test it through reasrech
analyze data/draw conculsions
report resultts

52
Q

3 common scientific methods in developmental science

A

scientific observation
experiments
surveys or self reports

53
Q

scientfic observation

A

record behavior systemically and objectavliy in a natural setting or lab

54
Q

expiemiments

A

researcher controls/manipulates a variable (Independent) to see if it has an effect on a. second variable (deponent)
ex: medication on appetite suppression, independent is medication and dependent is on appetite levels

55
Q

groups in an experiment

A

experimental: exposed to independent variable

control/comparison : not exposed to independent

56
Q

surveys and observation allows us to understand

A

correlation (relationship between two variables)

57
Q

experiment is the only factor that allows us to understand

A

if one factor causes another

58
Q

surveys

A

large number, through interview and questionnaire

59
Q

cross sectional research

A

one age compared with people of another age
EX: reading between 2, 5, 8 year olds

60
Q

longitudinal reaserhc

A

following the same individuals as they age

61
Q

cross sequential

A

studying groups of people at different ages and following then over years

62
Q

correlation

A

this exists between two variables if one variable is more of less likely to occur when the other does

63
Q

positive correlation

A

both increase/decrease together

64
Q

negative correlation

A

one increases while other decreases

65
Q

zero correltaion

A

no correlation evident

66
Q

correlation is not

A

causation

67
Q

qualitative

A

open ended q’s
not numners

68
Q

quantitative

A

numbers

69
Q

ethics

A

participation is voluntary, confidential, harmless
understand research procedures and risks
promote honesty and truthfulness

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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