Chapter 5 Early Childhood: Body and Mind Flashcards
BMI is what between 2-6
lowest that it ever will
where does the center of gravity go
moves from breast bone down to belly button
what does a lower center of gravity allow you to do
allows you to figure out different things with your body such as exercise
children in food insecure households are more likely as adults to
overeat when not hungry
in low income family cultures parents tend to guard against undernutrition and rely on
fast foods
low income family cultures are more vulnerable to
obesity
how many children have food allergies
10%
what is the most common food allergies
milk
eggs
peanuts
tree nuts
soy
wheat
shellfish
the brain reaches 90 percent of adult weight by age
6
what development contributes to increase weight of the brain
myelin
what is myelination
fatty coating on axons that protects and speeds signals between neurons
axons organize strucure of
network connectivity
hemispheres
half of the brain
what side of the brain controls the left side of your body
right
corpus callosum
very center of brain
thick band on axons
lateralization
certain functions on one side
Left side= speech/language
right side = creativity
when does the prefrontal cortex mature
2-6 years old
what does it mean when the prefrontal cortex is more mature
sleep becomes regular
emotions become more responsive
temper tantrums decrease
uncontrollable laugher/tears are less common
neurons have two types of impulses
activate (on)
inhibit (off)
inhibition
off
limbic system controls
emotion
impulsivity
act without thinking
perseveration
getting stuck on one thought or action
stress has an impact on
brain and development
what type of thinking happens during preoperations
precausual reasoning
what is included in pre causal reasoning
symbolic thought
is logic attainable at preoperationation stage
no
animism
believe that inanimate objects have human properties
centeration
focus on a single salient aspect of an object
(EX: your father is not a son)
egocentrism
see world only from owns point of view
cannot understand both roles
(EX: buying a gift you like for your mom)
lack of conservation
does not understand that properties of an object remain the same even though apperence have been altered
static reasoning
nothing changes
irreversibility
nothing can be undone
(cheese on a sandwich)
if you have a short and wide cup and a tall and narrow cup, what cup will children think have more
tall one
children learn through guided participation with
mentors
who can be a mentor
parent, teacher, sibling
what do mentors do
present challenges
offer assistance
provide informaiton
encourage motivation
zone of proximal development
term for skills that a person can exercise only with assistance not yet idndependent
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learned master the next task in a given learning process
overimitation
person imitates an action that is not relevant part of the behavior to be learned
Piaget emphasized
immaturity
vgotsky stressed
power of social context
both vgosky and piget did what
appreciated curiosity
extaordianary langiage developmet
private speech
involves internal dialouge
what is nor necessarily taught in school but we still learn parts
STEM
what is theory of mind
theory of what other people might be thinking
what is required from both theorists for theory of mind
maturation
social experience
executive function
cognitive ability to organize and prioritize many thoughts
what is executive function comprised in
working memory
cognitive flexibility
inhibitory control
is language learning critical or sensitive
sensitive
how many words does a 6 year old know
10,000
between 2 and 6 how many words do they learn everyday
6
fast mapping
placement of new things in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
logical extension
occurs when children use a word to describe other objects in the same category
(Dalmatian cow)
code switch
switch languages mid sentence because they cannot remember the word in the language they were previously speaking
overregulation
application of rules like grammar even when exceptions occur
(EX: runned)
pragmatics
adjusting communication to audience and context
when is the best time to learn a new language
early childhood
watering two languages before 6 seems to contribute to
lifelong neurological benefits
language shift
someone becoming more fluent in the school language then the home language
code focused teaching
sounds
phonics
book reading
develop vocabulary and print awarness
parent education
encourage cognition
language enhance meant
help expand vocabulary in the zone of proximal development
low cost may be
low quality
high cost does it mean high quality
not necessarily
what type of program encourages creativity
child centered
what type of program prepares for formal education
teacher directed
what type of program prepares low SES children for first grade
intervention
example of child directed program
montessori
teacher directed programs stress
academic subjects
current goals of intervention programs
now teacher directed
what type of impact comes from interventional prgrams
positive
early childhood education does what
reduces the risk of later problems, needing special education
increase likelihood that a child will become a law abiding adult
fear is related to what structure
amygdala
focus on apperence
exclusion of other attributes
who came up with social learning
vygotsky
children who are more likely to tell the truth have less experience with
being punished for lying
flexibility
ability to see things from another perspective
working memory
what can easily be brought to the mind
