Chapter 3 The First Two Years: Body and Mind Flashcards
birth weight does what at 1 year
triples
height at age 2 is typically what of adult height
half
newborns sleep hours
15-17
12 months sleep hours
12-13
sleep specifics vary because of
biology, caregiving, and culture
head sparing
biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition disrupts the body growth, brain is the last part of body to be damaged
early dendrite growth is called
transient exuberance
limbic system
produce emotions
amygdala
register emotions
babies need what or otherwise it stunts brain
simtulaiton
well known abusive head trauma in infants
shaken baby syndrome
hearing develops during
last trimester
least mature sense at birth
vision
pain and temp are often connected to
touch
gross motor skills
large muscles
- torso, back, legs, walk, jump
every basic motor skill develops over the first
2 yeats
cephalocaudal
we develop skills to do things with the top of our head before leg related
EX: holding head up first
proximodistal
we can do things closer to that central core than further away at the outskirts
EX: moving body to roll over before specific movements with hands
fine motor skills
small body movements
esp of hands and fingers
fine motor skills is shaped by
culture and opportunity
what is one thing that suggests infant brain has inborn readiness to learn
gaze following
gaze following
infants will naturally look to where someone else looks
2 types of infant memory
implicit
explicit
implicit memory
memory that is nonverbal
EX: memory for a movement
explicit memory
language dependent
EX: when I hear someone say outside I get excited
which memory type is longer to emerge
explicit
when are implicit learning strategies learned
early in life
schema
mental structure that processes information, perceptions, and experiences
assimilation
process of making new information part of ones existing schema
accommodation
the act of changing our though processes when a new object or idea doesn’t fit our concepts
equilibrium
balance between assimilation and accommodation
sensoimotor age
0-2
what does it mean that there are 3 circular reactions
no beginning or end to learning
circular actions lead to
cognitive development
primary circular reactions
focused within infants body
EX: sucking thumb is pleasurable
secondary circular reactions
outside of body
between baby and someone else
object permanence
objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses
do we have object permanence before 8 months
no
at 18 months we have A not B error which is
do not understand movement of objects and will look in original spot
symbolic represenaton
language is an example of a symbol which represents something else
EX: baba=bottle
tertiary circular reactions
begin to take independent actions, experiments which are goal directed
includes wider world information gathering from experiments
how are infants similar in language development
they follow the same sequence
who founded the field of cognitive development
Piaget
Piaget was the first to do what and not just describe the process of development
try to explain
Piaget may have devoted too little attention to
social and cultural influences
it is unclear if cognitive development really occurs in
discreet stages
productive (expressive) language
the words produced by an individual
receptive language
the words that are understood by an individual
which type of language is larger throughout our life
receptive
child directed speech is also called
motherese
what is motherese
high pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants, preference for voices over noises
cooing
soft vowel sounds
babbling
extended repeitition of certain syllables, occurs between 6-9 months
EX: ba ba
do deaf babies babble
yes
gestures
powerful means of communication such as pointing
when do first words happen
1 year
first words can become
holophrases
naming explosion
once vocab reaches 50 words it builds rapidly
number of words from 19 to 21 do what
double
gramar
includes all devices by which words communicate meaning
EX: sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, volulme, pronouns
proficiency in grammar correlates with
sentence length
skinners ideas of language
infants need to be taught through positive reinforcement and repetition
second theory on language
infants communicate because humans have evolved as social beings
Chomsky
infants teach them selves because it is innate, language acquisition device
what contributes to SIDs
sleeping position
how should babies be positioned
on their back
immunization occurs in two ways
illness or vaccination
herd immunity
if almost all people in a community are immunized, no one dies of that diease
4 pros to breast feeding
higher IQ/better academic outcomes
less likely to develop allergies/asthma/obesity
antibodies for childhood ideates
balance of nutrition adjust to age
stunting
failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
wasting
tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
what measurements reveal if an infant is progressing or not
height
weight
head circumference
birthweight doubles by
4 months
birthweight triples by
a year
norm
standard for a particular population
growth is often expressed in a
percentile
if an infants percentile rank falls too low that is
failure to thrive
infants who rink cows milk and eat solid foods eat more soundly, is that good for the baby
not necessarily
do infants follow adult sleep pattern
no
asa, Africa, and latin America follow what sleeping pattern
co sleeping
co sleeeping
same room
bed sharing
in the bed
bed sharing increases the risk of
SIDS
never to sleep besides an infant if they have been
drinking or using drugs
head sparing
protecting the brain during malnutrition
early dendrite growth is called
transient exuberance
experience expectant growth
some basic experiences are needed for the brain to grow
experience dependent growth
human brains have built in plasticity
- experiences depend on culture
expected experiences, do the need to happen for normal maturation to occur?
yes
dependent experiences ______ happen, because of them one brain differs from the other
might
all babies cry because what is not developed yet
prefrontal cortex
shaken baby syndrome does what
makes blood vessels in the brain rupture and neural connections break
response to screaming crying baby should be
comfort
binocular vision, can infants do this
no, so they use their two eyes independently
breast feeding relierves pain by
distraction
breast milk is an anesthetic
when can babies sit unsupported
6 mo
language begins when
newborns cry
by what age to they produce sentences
2
holophrase
single word that expresses an entire thought
EX: dada? Dada! dada.
responding to babbling promotes
speech later on
language learning needs to be reinforced/ taught
skinner
infants communicate because humans are social beings
social impulses foster infant langauge
language and learning is genetically programmed
infants teach self/chomsky
Chomsky believed children are born with what which allows children to derive the rules of grammar quickly
langage acquisition device
what type of sleeping reduces SIDS
back
colostrum
thick high calorie fluid
compared to cow milk, human milk is more
sterile, digestable and rich in nutrients
