Chapter 3 The First Two Years: Body and Mind Flashcards
1
Q
birth weight does what at 1 year
A
triples
2
Q
height at age 2 is typically what of adult height
A
half
3
Q
newborns sleep hours
A
15-17
4
Q
12 months sleep hours
A
12-13
5
Q
sleep specifics vary because of
A
biology, caregiving, and culture
6
Q
head sparing
A
biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition disrupts the body growth, brain is the last part of body to be damaged
7
Q
early dendrite growth is called
A
transient exuberance
8
Q
limbic system
A
produce emotions
9
Q
amygdala
A
register emotions
10
Q
babies need what or otherwise it stunts brain
A
simtulaiton
11
Q
well known abusive head trauma in infants
A
shaken baby syndrome
12
Q
hearing develops during
A
last trimester
13
Q
least mature sense at birth
A
vision
14
Q
pain and temp are often connected to
A
touch
15
Q
gross motor skills
A
large muscles
- torso, back, legs, walk, jump
16
Q
every basic motor skill develops over the first
A
2 yeats
17
Q
cephalocaudal
A
we develop skills to do things with the top of our head before leg related
EX: holding head up first
18
Q
proximodistal
A
we can do things closer to that central core than further away at the outskirts
EX: moving body to roll over before specific movements with hands
19
Q
fine motor skills
A
small body movements
esp of hands and fingers
20
Q
fine motor skills is shaped by
A
culture and opportunity
21
Q
what is one thing that suggests infant brain has inborn readiness to learn
A
gaze following
22
Q
gaze following
A
infants will naturally look to where someone else looks
23
Q
2 types of infant memory
A
implicit
explicit
24
Q
implicit memory
A
memory that is nonverbal
EX: memory for a movement
25
explicit memory
language dependent
EX: when I hear someone say outside I get excited
26
which memory type is longer to emerge
explicit
27
when are implicit learning strategies learned
early in life
28
schema
mental structure that processes information, perceptions, and experiences
29
assimilation
process of making new information part of ones existing schema
30
accommodation
the act of changing our though processes when a new object or idea doesn't fit our concepts
31
equilibrium
balance between assimilation and accommodation
32
sensoimotor age
0-2
33
what does it mean that there are 3 circular reactions
no beginning or end to learning
34
circular actions lead to
cognitive development
35
primary circular reactions
focused within infants body
EX: sucking thumb is pleasurable
36
secondary circular reactions
outside of body
between baby and someone else
37
object permanence
objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses
38
do we have object permanence before 8 months
no
39
at 18 months we have A not B error which is
do not understand movement of objects and will look in original spot
40
symbolic represenaton
language is an example of a symbol which represents something else
EX: baba=bottle
41
tertiary circular reactions
begin to take independent actions, experiments which are goal directed
includes wider world information gathering from experiments
42
how are infants similar in language development
they follow the same sequence
43
who founded the field of cognitive development
Piaget
44
Piaget was the first to do what and not just describe the process of development
try to explain
45
Piaget may have devoted too little attention to
social and cultural influences
46
it is unclear if cognitive development really occurs in
discreet stages
47
productive (expressive) language
the words produced by an individual
48
receptive language
the words that are understood by an individual
49
which type of language is larger throughout our life
receptive
50
child directed speech is also called
motherese
51
what is motherese
high pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants, preference for voices over noises
52
cooing
soft vowel sounds
53
babbling
extended repeitition of certain syllables, occurs between 6-9 months
EX: ba ba
54
do deaf babies babble
yes
55
gestures
powerful means of communication such as pointing
56
when do first words happen
1 year
57
first words can become
holophrases
58
naming explosion
once vocab reaches 50 words it builds rapidly
59
number of words from 19 to 21 do what
double
60
gramar
includes all devices by which words communicate meaning
EX: sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, volulme, pronouns
61
proficiency in grammar correlates with
sentence length
62
skinners ideas of language
infants need to be taught through positive reinforcement and repetition
63
second theory on language
infants communicate because humans have evolved as social beings
64
Chomsky
infants teach them selves because it is innate, language acquisition device
65
what contributes to SIDs
sleeping position
66
how should babies be positioned
on their back
67
immunization occurs in two ways
illness or vaccination
68
herd immunity
if almost all people in a community are immunized, no one dies of that diease
69
4 pros to breast feeding
higher IQ/better academic outcomes
less likely to develop allergies/asthma/obesity
antibodies for childhood ideates
balance of nutrition adjust to age
70
stunting
failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
71
wasting
tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
72
what measurements reveal if an infant is progressing or not
height
weight
head circumference
73
birthweight doubles by
4 months
74
birthweight triples by
a year
75
norm
standard for a particular population
76
growth is often expressed in a
percentile
77
if an infants percentile rank falls too low that is
failure to thrive
78
infants who rink cows milk and eat solid foods eat more soundly, is that good for the baby
not necessarily
79
do infants follow adult sleep pattern
no
80
asa, Africa, and latin America follow what sleeping pattern
co sleeping
81
co sleeeping
same room
82
bed sharing
in the bed
83
bed sharing increases the risk of
SIDS
84
never to sleep besides an infant if they have been
drinking or using drugs
85
head sparing
protecting the brain during malnutrition
86
early dendrite growth is called
transient exuberance
87
experience expectant growth
some basic experiences are needed for the brain to grow
88
experience dependent growth
human brains have built in plasticity
- experiences depend on culture
89
expected experiences, do the need to happen for normal maturation to occur?
yes
90
dependent experiences ______ happen, because of them one brain differs from the other
might
91
all babies cry because what is not developed yet
prefrontal cortex
92
shaken baby syndrome does what
makes blood vessels in the brain rupture and neural connections break
93
response to screaming crying baby should be
comfort
94
binocular vision, can infants do this
no, so they use their two eyes independently
95
breast feeding relierves pain by
distraction
breast milk is an anesthetic
96
when can babies sit unsupported
6 mo
97
language begins when
newborns cry
98
by what age to they produce sentences
2
99
holophrase
single word that expresses an entire thought
EX: dada? Dada! dada.
100
responding to babbling promotes
speech later on
101
language learning needs to be reinforced/ taught
skinner
102
infants communicate because humans are social beings
social impulses foster infant langauge
103
language and learning is genetically programmed
infants teach self/chomsky
104
Chomsky believed children are born with what which allows children to derive the rules of grammar quickly
langage acquisition device
105
what type of sleeping reduces SIDS
back
106
colostrum
thick high calorie fluid
107
compared to cow milk, human milk is more
sterile, digestable and rich in nutrients
