Chapter 4 The First Two Years: The Social World Flashcards
Primary emotions
happiness
sadness
fear
anger
surprise
disgust
how do primary emotions come about
innate and universal
crying indicates
hurt
Hungry
tired
frightened
what are some special cases of crying
colic
reflux
when do you see an increase in crying
2nd to 6th
social smiling starts when
6 weeks
how is social smile evoked
viewing human faces
Anger is expressed at what age
6 months
is anger a healthy or unhealthy response to frustration
healthy
sadness indicates what rather than a bid for help
withdrawl
sadness is accompanied by increased production of
cortisol
fear age
9 mo
fear is reasponse to
people, things, situations
stranger wariness
infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves to close
separation anxiety age
1 year to 2 years
temper tantrums
strong bursts of primary emotions, anger, then sadness
secondary emotions invlove
awareness of others/social awareness
examples of secondary emotions
pride
shame
embarrassment
guilt
jealousy
self awareness
persons realization that he or she is distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
mirror recognition age
15-24 month
is temperament inborn
yes
temperament is a response to
enviornment
is temperament stable across time and situations
yes
temperamental traits are
genetic
personality traits are
learned
three dimensions of temperament
effortful control
negative mood
exuberant
effortful control
self sooth
regulate attention/emotion
negative mood
fearfull, angry, unhappy
exuberant
active
social
not shy
levels of temperament affect
later personality
levels of temperament is associated with
distinctive levels of hormones, brain patterns, and behaviors
do genetics determine final outcome
no
Synchrony
given interaction
how does the caregiver respond which might lead to a change in behavior for infant
is synchrony temporary or long term
temporary
attachement
lasting emotional bond
attachment is temporary or long term
long term
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an ambiguous situation by observing someone elses expressions and reactions
using another trusted person as a social references
mutual synchrony
life is more predictable and more enjoyable
still face technique
having someone whom the infant already recognizes stop interacting in the ways they normally do and have a flat face
parents responsiveness to an infant aids in
psychological and biological development
infants brains need what to develop to their fullest
social interaction
two signs indicate attachement
contact maintaining
proximity seeking
4 behaviors which promote nearness to a specific person whom the infant is attached
signaling behavior
orienting behavior
movement toward another person
physical contact
type A attachment
indecure avoidant attachement
type B attachement
secure attachement
type C attachement
insecure resistance/ambivalent
type D attachment
disorganized
Insecure avoidant attachement act
contact and interaction resistant
avoid attachment figures
insecure resistant ambivalent act
may show proximity but difficult to soothe, cling and angry when left
disorganized act
child seems confused and unsure of reaction
suddenly switches from hitting to kissing
secure attachment act
seeks proximity
feel confident and comfortable
use mother as a secure base
characteristics of high quality daycare
- ratio
low
characteristics of high quality daycare
- staff
well trained and experienced
characteristics of high quality daycare
- turnover
low staff turnover
what attachment style has the most curiosity
secure
which attachment styles have the need for cognitive closure
insecure types
what stage of freud is oral and anal
oral is first year
anal is second
first eriksons stage
trust and autonomy stages
behaviorism
- bandura
parents mold an infants emotions and personality through reinforcement and punishment
proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby with frequent holding and touching
distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face to face communication with minimal holding
which cultures is proximal parenting more commone
cultures that vaulue collective actions and family interdependence
which cultures is distal parenting more common
cultures that value independence
cognitive theory
set of assumptions that individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences
evolutionary theory
human child must be nourished, protected and taught much more longer than offspring of any other species
allocare
the care of children by people other than the biological parents
colic
bouts of uncontrollable crying
social smile is evoke by
human face
social smile is affected by age since
conception
fear is affected by three factors
awareness of discrepancy
temperament
social contect
what is helpful for treating a temper tantrum
comfort
constitutionally based
temperament begins with genes
oxytocin correlates with
interest in people
once infants are walking, what comes prevelant
attachement
not synchrony
adoption and age
older the worse
woman did more
smiling
