chapter 8: microbial genetics Flashcards
gene
segments of DNA (usually proteins)
chromosome
structures with DNA that contain genes & carry hereditary info; string of DNA wrapped around proteins that give the nucleic acid bases structure
DNA
deoxyribose nucleic acid; macromolecule that carries genetic information; typically double stranded
how are genes encoded?
by three codons which code as a specific amino acid
what do genes encode?
the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein
gene expression
controlled by operons; process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule
constitutive gene expression
gene transcribed at a constant level; expressed at a fixed rate
regulated gene expression
some switch to turn gene on or off (repressor / transcription factors)
central dogma
DNA transcribed → RNA translated→ protein
what makes retroviruses different?
they reverse transcribe RNA → DNA
“semiconservative nature of DNA replication”
DNA is half old and half new when it is replicated
vertical gene transfer
genes from parents; flow of genetic info from one generation to the next
horizontal gene transfer
organisms can pick up genetic traits from sources other than parents
ex) virus picks up your genes and gives it to another host “transduction”; tree “tumors”; important for evolution
bacterial operon
group of genes turned on by single promoter
promoter
binds RNA polymerase + DNA