chapter 8: microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

segments of DNA (usually proteins)

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2
Q

chromosome

A

structures with DNA that contain genes & carry hereditary info; string of DNA wrapped around proteins that give the nucleic acid bases structure

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3
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid; macromolecule that carries genetic information; typically double stranded

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4
Q

how are genes encoded?

A

by three codons which code as a specific amino acid

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5
Q

what do genes encode?

A

the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein

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6
Q

gene expression

A

controlled by operons; process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule

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7
Q

constitutive gene expression

A

gene transcribed at a constant level; expressed at a fixed rate

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8
Q

regulated gene expression

A

some switch to turn gene on or off (repressor / transcription factors)

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9
Q

central dogma

A

DNA transcribed → RNA translated→ protein

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10
Q

what makes retroviruses different?

A

they reverse transcribe RNA → DNA

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11
Q

“semiconservative nature of DNA replication”

A

DNA is half old and half new when it is replicated

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12
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

genes from parents; flow of genetic info from one generation to the next

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13
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

organisms can pick up genetic traits from sources other than parents
ex) virus picks up your genes and gives it to another host “transduction”; tree “tumors”; important for evolution

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14
Q

bacterial operon

A

group of genes turned on by single promoter

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15
Q

promoter

A

binds RNA polymerase + DNA

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16
Q

operator

A

genetic sequences recognized by oppressor; allows proteins responsible for transcription (operons) to attach to the DNA sequence

17
Q

repressible operon

A

sticks to DNA and prevents gene from being expressed; blocks transcription; default position is on

18
Q

inducible operon

A

requires an inducer; default position is off

19
Q

phenotype

A

“physical” expression of genes

20
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

21
Q

base substitution / point mutation

A

change in one base in DNA; single DNA base pair is altered

22
Q

frameshift mutation

A

insertion / deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs; shifts the translational “reading frame”

23
Q

missense mutation

A

base substitution results in change in an amino acid; the meaning of the genetic material gets changed

24
Q

nonsense mutation

A

base substitution results in nonsense (stop) codon

25
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

cut out the nonmethylated strand where there is damage and then use the methylated strand to write in a complementary copy

26
Q

photolyases

A

DNA repair enzyme that uses visible light to break thymine dimers (abnormal chemical bond of thymine bases in DNA) apart; mostly used for repairing damage from ultraviolet radiation

27
Q

non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)

A

mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA; “non-homologous” =does not use a template to place broken piece back on

28
Q

homologous recombination (HR)

A

mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA which uses a homologous / sister chromosome as a template to know where to piece the broken pieces of the DNA back together

29
Q

positive (direct) selection

A

killing off everything that does not match what you want to keep; mutant cells grow / appear different that unmutated cells

30
Q

negative (indirect) selection

A

killing off cells that you want; mutant cells that cannot grow or perform a certain function

31
Q

selective media

A

allows certain organisms to grow while inhibiting the growth of other organisms

32
Q

replica plating

A

technique in which one or more secondary petri dishes containing different selective growth media are inoculated with the same colonies of microorganisms from a primary plate by stamping
ex) in selective, colony will die; in nonselective, colony will live

33
Q

ames test

A

tests for carcinogenicity by growing bacteria that require histidine without histidine

34
Q

transformation (horizontal gene transfer)

A

genes transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA

35
Q

transduction (horizontal gene transfer)

A

DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage (virus)

36
Q

conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

A

plasmids transferred from one bacterium to another; requires cell-to-cell contact via pili

37
Q

plasmid

A

circle of DNA that have an origin of replication; code for proteins that enhance pathogenicity of a bacterium

38
Q

transposon

A

section of DNA that can cut and paste itself from one region to another; “jumping genes”; contains insertion sequences (IS) that codes for transposae that cuts and reseals DNA