chapter 10: classification of microorganisms

Question 1

three domains of life

Answer 1

domain eukarya (animals, plants, fungi), domain archaea (methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles), domain bacteria

Question 2

characteristics of protista

Answer 2

catchall kingdom for variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic; grouped into clades based on rRNA

Question 3

characteristics of fungi

Answer 3

chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Question 4

characteristics of plantae

Answer 4

multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

Question 5

characteristics of animalia

Answer 5

multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

Question 6

as the taxonomic level becomes higher it becomes more

Answer 6

broad

and lower is more specific

Question 7

the order of taxonomic groups (from most broad to most specific)

Answer 7

domain - did
kingdom - king
phylum - phillip
class - come
order - over
family - for
genus - great
species - soup

Question 8

viral species

Answer 8

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

Question 9

bergey’s manual

Answer 9

reference book that tells how to identify bacteria and archaea by using morphological characteristics, differential staining, and biochemical tests

Question 10

rapid identification methods

Answer 10

kits that perform multiple biochemical tests rapidly; slides an inoculated rod through a series of different media filled chambers and incubating

Question 11

serological testing

Answer 11

checks whether a given set of antibodies will adhere to and agglutinate a solution of a given bacterium; differentiate between species and strains within a species
ex) ELISA= variety of chemical tests that uses various modified antibodies tested against unknown antigen samples

Question 12

antigen

Answer 12

anything that an antibody will stick to; can also be markers of the presence of a specific microbe

Question 13

western blotting

Answer 13

transfers protein onto nitrocellulose paper and reads it with antibodies

Question 14

phage typing

Answer 14

test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

Question 15

flow cytometry (FCM)

Answer 15

uses differences in electrical conductivity between species or florescence

Question 16

DNA sequencing

Answer 16

uses two organisms that are closely related and have similar amounts of various bases to study certain microbes

Question 17

DNA chips (microarrays)

Answer 17

tiny devices with large numbers of DNA sequences stuck to them; contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample; detected by fluorescence (dye that shines under UV light) when hybridization occurs

Question 18

anneal

Answer 18

come together and become double-stranded

Question 19

hybridization

Answer 19

two different single-stranded DNA molecules that are complementary come together and anneal

Question 20

dichotomous key

Answer 20

used to identify microbes; a flowchart of tests that lead to another until it suggests an answer
ex) microbe flowchart beginning with gram stain