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BIO225 > chapter 6: microbial growth > Flashcards

chapter 6: microbial growth Flashcards

1
Q

-phile

A

lover

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2
Q

-phobe

A

hater / fearer

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3
Q

psychro-

A

cold

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4
Q

thermo-

A

heat

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5
Q

meso-

A

middle

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6
Q

hyper-

A

more than / greater

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7
Q

hypo-

A

less than

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8
Q

auto-

A

self

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9
Q

hetero-

A

other

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10
Q

halo-

A

salt

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11
Q

glyco-

A

sweet

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12
Q

micro-

A

little

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13
Q

macro-

A

big / much

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14
Q

aero-

A

air

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15
Q

geo-

A

earth

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16
Q

litho-

A

rock

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17
Q

-troph

A

feeder

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18
Q

which bacteria grow well at 0°C?

A

psychrotrophs

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19
Q

which bacteria grow well at refrigerator temperature?

A

mesophiles

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20
Q

which bacteria includes the most spoilage and disease organisms & what is its optimal growth range?

A

psychrotrophs (0-30°C)

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21
Q

which bacteria can grow at 100°C?

A

hyperthermophiles (>80°C)

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22
Q

which bacteria are at work in a temperature of 60°C?

A

thermophiles (50-60°C)

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23
Q

acidophile

A

grow in acidic environments; a form of extremophile

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24
Q

halophile

A

grow in high salt concentrations

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25
Q

obligate halophile

A

can only survive in a high salt concentration environment; (environment with high osmotic pressure)

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26
Q

facilitative halophile

A

can survive with or without a high salt concentration environment

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27
Q

plasmolysis

A

the loss of water due to a hypertonic situation

28
Q

carbon source

A

the use of a carbon containing molecule (carbohydrate, amino acid, CO2…) to synthesize organic molecules

29
Q

fixation

A

process in which a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and is localized

30
Q

SPONCH (major components of compounds found in microorganisms)

A

sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

31
Q

culture medium

A

nutrients prepared for microbial growth

32
Q

sterile

A

no living microbes

33
Q

inoculum

A

introduction of microbes into a medium

34
Q

culture

A

microbes growing in or on a culture medium

35
Q

what is agar used for?

A

a solidifying agent for culture media in petri plates, slants, and deeps

36
Q

chemically defined media

A

media where the exact chemical composition is known

37
Q

complex media

A

chemical composition varies batch to batch; blood, herbal extract, yeast

38
Q

trace elements

A

elements required in small amounts; Ex) iron, copper, zinc

39
Q

obligate aerobe

A

oxygen is required for growth

40
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grow with (aerobic respiration) or without (fermentation) the presence of oxygen; greater growth in presence of oxygen

41
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

unable to use oxygen / harmed by it

42
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

tolerate but cannot use oxygen for growth

43
Q

microaerophile

A

requires oxygen concentration lower than air

44
Q

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A 
singlet oxygen: ¹O₂-
superoxide radical: O₂
peroxide anion: O₂²⁻
hydroxyl radical: OH
(harmful to cells in large quantities; lethal to cells in small doses if cells lack proper enzymes)
45
Q

biofilm

A

a microbial community; form slime or hydrogels that adhere to surfaces

46
Q

what do bacteria cells use to communicate?

A

quorum sensing

47
Q

selective media

A

suppresses unwanted microbes (using inhibitors) and encourages desired microbes
Ex) salting foods

48
Q

differential media

A

allow distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on the same plate

49
Q

enrichment culture

A

encourages growth of a desired microbe by increasing very small number of desired organism to detectable levels (usually a liquid)

50
Q

purpose of the streak plate method

A

used to isolate pure cultures; acquire a single colony of many identical cells

51
Q

what is microbial budding?

A

instead of using binary fission, a microbe grows smaller offspring on their bodies

52
Q

which process divides a non-enclosed nucleoid in two?

A

binary fission

53
Q

what is bacterial growth?

A

the multiplication of bacteria / increase in number of cells (more so than increase in cell size)

54
Q

what does the log representation of a microbial growth graph emphasize?

A

growth rate

55
Q

phases of bacterial growth (4)

A

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

56
Q

what occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

bacteria prepares for growth / are adjusting to situation

57
Q

what occurs during the log phase of bacterial growth?

A

logarithmic / exponential increase in population

58
Q

what occurs during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells

59
Q

what occurs during the death phase of bacterial growth?

A

population decreases at a logarithmic rate; caused by the exhaustion of nutrients for bacteria or pollution of media

60
Q

serial dilution

A

stepwise dilution of a solution to find the number of bacteria in original inoculum; reduces concentration of cells to avoid overcrowding which could prevent growth on medium

61
Q

plate count

A

count colonies on plates that have 30-300 colonies (CFU - colony forming units)

62
Q

filtration

A

solution is passed through a filter that collects bacteria; used for low levels of bacteria to grow out on a petri dish

63
Q

direct microscope count

A

calculates average number of bacteria per viewing field; number of bacteria / ml = (# of cells counted) / (volume of area counted)

64
Q

what are the direct measurements for microbial growth?

A

plate count, filtration, direct microscope count,

65
Q

what are the indirect measurements (estimations) for microbial growth?

A

turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight

66
Q

turbidity (and instrument used)

A

measurement of cloudiness with a spectrophotometer

67
Q

which organisms use the indirect measurement of dry weight?

A

filamentous organisms (most fungi and a few bacteria)

BIO225 (19 decks)

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