chapter 18: practical applications of immunology

Question 1

vaccine

Answer 1

substance used to stimulate production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases;
functions by triggering clonal expansion of relevant B and/or T cells; allows body to begin secondary response when infected first time

Question 2

live attenuated vaccine

Answer 2

uses a weakened form of germ that causes disease;

- ex) MMR, chickenpox

Question 3

inactivated killed vaccine

Answer 3

uses killed version of germ that caused disease; may need booster shots to get ongoing immunity
- ex) flu, polio

Question 4

subunit vaccine

Answer 4

uses specific pieces of germ (protein, sugar, capsid (casing around germ))
- ex) HPV, whooping cough, hepatitis B

Question 5

toxoid vaccine

Answer 5

uses a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease; creates immunity to parts of the germ that causes the disease instead of the germ itself; booster shots may be required to get ongoing protection against disease
- ex) diphtheria, tetanus

Question 6

virus like particle (VLP) vaccine

Answer 6

resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

Question 7

polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 7

made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule; not very immunogenic

Question 8

conjugated vaccine

Answer 8

used in order to invoke an immune system response against the weak antigen; used for diseases in children w/ poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides

Question 9

nucleic acid (DNA) vaccine

Answer 9

injected naked DNA produces protein antigen encoded in DNA; elicit antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses

Question 10

recombinant vaccine

Answer 10

subunit vaccine produced by genetic modification / recombinant DNA technology