chapter 11: prokaryotes - domains bacteria & archaea

Question 1

how is domain bacteria organized?

Answer 1

into phyla (no kingdoms)

Question 2

gram negative layers

Answer 2

outer membrane → cell wall → cell membrane → cytoplasm

Question 3

an example of an obligate intracellular parasite

Answer 3

rickettsia

• spread by lice and ticks
• causes typhus and fevers

Question 4

significance of helicobacter pylori

Answer 4

causes stomach ulcers

Question 5

oligotrophic

Answer 5

capable of growing with very low levels of nutrients

Question 6

rhizobium

Answer 6

teams up with leguminous plants (like beans) to fix nitrogen in their roots

Question 7

diazotroph

Answer 7

bacteria that fixes nitrogen

Question 8

agrobacterium

Answer 8

bacteria with adaptations that allows it to use its pilus to transfer plasmids into plant cells which overrides the defense adaptations that eukaryotes have against plasmids; frequently used in genetic engineering

Question 9

wolbachia

Answer 9

common intracellular parasite of arthropods and nematodes; influences sex differentiation, cause death, protect against infection by other pathogens, and trigger parthenogenesis (females reproducing without male intervention)

Question 10

which bacteria is most likely to be used in biological warfare?

Answer 10

francisella tularensis

Question 11

ESKAPE pathogens

Answer 11

Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumanii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp. (variety of species)
-leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world

Question 12

nosocomial infection

Answer 12

infections acquired in the hospital

Question 13

legionella

Answer 13

bacterium that infects amoebas which live in water; common in plumbing systems; can cause disease (legionellosis) centered on machines that involve dripping water (fountains, cooling towers)

Question 14

thiomargarita namibiensis

Answer 14

gigantic, diameter 3 million times bigger than the average bacterium; achieves this size by using most of the interior for storage; sulfur granules visible inside the cells

Question 15

vibrio cholerae

Answer 15

spread through infected water; causes severe, rapid and potentially lethal diarrhea; uninfected water is required to recover

Question 16

enterobacter

Answer 16

cause opportunistic nosocomial infections and are one of the antibiotic resistant ESKAPE pathogens

Question 17

escherichia coli (E.coli)

Answer 17

resident of lower intestines in mammals; most strains harmless while others are pathogenic; model organism used in lab research

Question 18

salmonella

Answer 18

common source of foodborne illness from fecal contamination of food; some strains attack the human GI tract

Question 19

serratia marcescens

Answer 19

extremely common bacteria that produces a bright red pigment
ex) likes growing in damp environments such as bathrooms and dish drainers; initially thought to be harmless but can actually cause UTIs

Question 20

yersinia pestis

Answer 20

causative organism of the black plague; spread by rodent born fleas

Question 21

phylum cyanobacteria

Answer 21

gram negative; carry out the same photosynthetic processes as plants and algae; chloroplasts are descended from cyanobacteria; changed the atmosphere of our planet to one with free oxygen; can be unicellular or grow in filaments or slimy masses; cornerstone of the ecosystem

Question 22

phylum chlamydia

Answer 22

no peptidoglycan in cell wall; stain gram negative (pink); intracellular symbionts but most are parasitic; biphasic life cycle

Question 23

phylum spirochaetes

Answer 23

gram negative; unique morphology; corkscrew shaped bodies; axial filaments (lengthwise flagella that runs through inner and outer membrane);
ex) diseases such as syphilis (std), lyme disease (tick-borne infection) , leptospirosis (transmitted by contact with animal urine)

Question 24

phylum firmicutes

Answer 24

gram positive;
ex) clostridium spp.; endospore forming obligate aerobes; cause tetanus (c. tetani), botulism (c. botulinum) and diarrheal disease (c. difficile)

Question 25

(phylum firmicutes)

b. anthracis

Answer 25

infects humans and farm animals causing anthrax; used as a bioweapon bc of its resistant, long lasting spores

Question 26

(phylum firmicutes)

b. thuringiensis

Answer 26

produces a toxin that is potent against insects but harmless to humans; used directly or used for just its genes in agriculture

Question 27

(phylum firmicutes)

b. subtilis

Answer 27

edible (natto) bacterial culture grown on soybeans

Question 28

phylum tenericutes

Answer 28

lack cell walls; common contaminant of lab cell cultures; hard to detect and hard to eradicate
ex) mycoplasma pneumoniae= one of the major causes of walking / mild pneumonia

Question 29

phylum actinobacteria

Answer 29

gram positive; widespread in soil and water as decomposers; origin of most of antibiotics doctors use today; responsible for the way it smells when it rains

ex) mycobacterium (uses waxy mycolic acid as outer cell wall)
- 2 important pathogens= m. tuberculosis (tuberculosis) & m. leprae (leprosy)

Question 30

domain archaea

Answer 30

prokaryotic; lack peptidoglycan; not known to cause disease;
ex) halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens (cause “swamp gas”)