Chapter 8- Learning (2nd Half)

Question 0

Positive reinforcement

Answer 0

Increasing behaviors be presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Question 1

Successive approximation

Answer 1

Like shaping; being rewarded for acting in a way that gets closer and closer to desired behavior.

Question 2

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 2

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT punishment)

Question 3

Primary reinforcers

Answer 3

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (Babies have this–> smiles=good)

Question 4

Conditioned (Secodary) Reinforcers

Answer 4

A stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. (Learned–> thumbs ups=good)

Question 5

Positive Punishment

Answer 5

Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. (Giving someone a speeding ticket)

Question 6

Negative Punishment

Answer 6

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. (Taking away cell phone)

Question 7

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 7

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Question 8

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

Answer 8

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement.

Question 9

Fixed- ratio Schedules

Answer 9

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.

Question 10

Variable- ratio Schedule

Answer 10

In operant codntioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 11

Fixed- interval Schedule

Answer 11

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.

Question 12

Variable- interval Schedules

Answer 12

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

An event that decreases the behavior it follows.

Question 14

Latent learning

Answer 14

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there in an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 15

Cognitive Map

Answer 15

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Question 16

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 16

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Question 17

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 17

A desire to perform behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Question 18

Observational Learning

Answer 18

Learning by observing others.

Question 19

Modeling

Answer 19

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Question 20

Mirror Neurons

Answer 20

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so, the brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation, language, learning, and empathy.

Question 21

Albert Bandura

Answer 21

Known for the social learning theory (learning through observation), self-efficacy and bobo doll experiment (showed how children observed adults hitting the doll then mimicked the behavior).

Question 22

Prosocial

Answer 22

Positive, helpful models in observational learning.