Chapter 7- States Of Consciousness Flashcards
Biological rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations.
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Circadian rhythm
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (temperature, wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
Non-REM sleep
Stages 1-4 of sleep. Muscles don’t relax. No dreams. Sleep walking is in these stages.
REM sleep
A rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Muscles are relaxed, but body systems stay active.
Alpha waves
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, anesthesia or hibernation.
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Delta waves
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times.
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary stoping of breathing during sleep and momentary awakenings.
Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage four of sleep, two or three hours into sleep. They are forgotten.
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Notable for hallucinations and difficulty remembering them.
Manifest content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content)
Latent content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud said a dreams content functions as a safety value.
Information processing
The change of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
Physiological Function
The scientific study of function in living systems.
Activation-synthesis
A theory of dreams. The differences in neural activity of the Brainstem during waking and REM sleep. Dreams were formed from brain activation during REM sleep.
Cognitive development
Focuses on a child’s development and how they learn and process information, compared to an adult.
REM rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Anton Mesmer
German. He said that there was a natural energetic transference between animated and in-animated objects. “Animal magnetism”. Responsible for discovering hypnosis.
Posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. Some doctors use it to help control undesirable behaviors.
Social influence theory
A person begins to feel and behave in ways that would be appropriate for a good subject. Theodore Barber proposed it.
Ernest Hilgard
American. He researched hypnosis, regarding pain control. Responsible for the dissociation theory.
Dissociation (Divided-Consciousness theory)
A split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. Ernest Hilgard proposed it.
Theodore Barber
Studied hypnotic behavior. He measured how susceptible people were to hypnosis. Responsible for the social influence theory.
Age Regression
In therapy, it’s the increased access to childhood memories or old memories, thoughts and feelings as a part of psychotherapeutic.
Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect.
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
Physical dependence
A psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when drug is discontinued.
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use.
Depressants
Drugs (alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. Tranquilizers or sedatives. Helps with sleep.
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphing and heroin; they depress neural activity, lessening pain and anxiety.
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Methamphetamines
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, speeds up functions and associated with mood and energy changes. Reduces dopamine levels.
Ecstasy (MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and long term harm to serotonin- producing neurons to mood and cognition.
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; known as acid.
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Near- Death experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug- induced hallucinations.
Dualism
The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
Monism
The presumption that mind and body are separate aspects of the same thing.
