Chapter 8- Learning (1st Half)

Question 0

Associative Learning

Answer 0

Learning that certain events occur together. They may be two stimuli (like classical conditioning) or response and its consequence (operant conditioning).

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neural stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus provides a response for the unconditioned one.

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Psychologists believe 1 but not 2. John Watson coined this term.

Question 4

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 4

A Russian psychologist that used dog salivation to study the digestive system of dogs. He used classical conditioning.

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

In classical condtioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response.

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, natural occurrence response to unconditioned stimulus, such as salvation when food is in the mouth.

Question 7

Neutral stimulus

Answer 7

Initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 9

Conditioned response

Answer 9

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now continued) stimulus.

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

The initial stage in classical conditioning, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished contained response.

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

The tendency, once a response has been contdioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

John Garcia

Answer 15

Researched taste aversion. Used how rats avoided drinking “plastic tasting” water with the sickness from the radiation in the water.

Question 16

Taste aversion

Answer 16

When a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic or poisonous subject.

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Question 18

Respondent Behavior

Answer 18

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. This is involuntary.

Question 19

Operant behavior

Answer 19

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences (voluntary)

Question 20

B.F. Skinner

Answer 20

Used the operant chamber (Skinners box). Used behaviorism and operant conditioning.

Question 21

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 21

Used law of effect. Said rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

Question 22

Law of effect

Answer 22

Thorndikes principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

A chamber (Skinners Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water, with an attached device to record the number of times they hit the bar. Used operant conditioning.

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, like service animals.