Chapter 4- Development (2nd Half) Flashcards
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachment during a critical period very early in life.
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
Basic Trust
According Erik Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Self- Concept
A sense of ones identity and personal worth.
Authoritarian Parents
Restrictive, punishment heavy parenting style. Parents make children follow directions with little to no explanation.
Permissive Parents
Having few behavioral expectations for the child. Parents are involved in child’s life, but there are few rules.
Authoritative Parents
A child- centered approach. Holds high expectations of maturity. They help kids with problems and let them be independent with limits on their actions.
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Primary Sex Traits
The body structures (ovaries, tested, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
Secondary Sex Traits
Non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. Posed dilemmas for kids, adults, and adolescents to analyze answers.
Preconventional Morality
Before age 9, most children have a preconventional morality of self-interest. They obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
Conventional Morality
By early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules.
Post conventional Morality
Some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to third level. Affirms people’s agreed- upon rights or follows what one perceives as basic ethical principles.
Menarche
The first menstrual period.
Erik Erikson
Theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.
Identity
Ones sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
Intimacy
In Erickson’s theory, the ability to form close loving relationships. A primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstratuon, also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Alzheimer’s disease
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally physical functioning.
Cross-sectional study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are resided and retested over a long period.
Crystallized intelligence
Ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Fluid intelligence
Ones ability to respond speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
