Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards
Joints are also called
Articulations
3 types of structural joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
3 types of joint functions
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
immovable joints
synarthroses
slightly movable joints
amphiarthroses
freely movable joints
diarthroses
seems of very short connective tissue fibers that are continuous with the periosteum
sutures
the 3 types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
longer fibrous tissues holding it together
ex: joints help together by a ligament
syndesmoses
peg in socket fibrous joint
ex: periodontal ligaments
gomphoses
have no joint cavity
not highly movable
cartilaginous joints
2 types of cartilaginous joints
syncondroses
symphyses
bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity
all are diarthrosis (freely movable)
include almost all limb joints
synovial joints
6 general features of synovial joints
articular cartilage
joint cavity
articular capsules: fibrous layer and synovial membrane
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
nerves and blood vessels
improve the fit between articulating bones, making the joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on joints sufaces
also called menisci
articular disc
Bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricating “ball bearing”
bursae
tendon sheaths
3 factors that determine stability:
shape of articular surface (minor role)
ligament number and location (limited role)
muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints (most important)
shallow surfaces are less stable than ball nad socket
Stability factor: shape of articulate surface
the more ligaments, the stronger
Stability factor: ligament number and location
keeps tendons taut as the cross joints (most important)
Muscle tone
Movements allow by synovial joints
origin: attachment to immovable bone (proximal)
insertion: attachment to movable bone (distal)
Non-axial: slipping movements only
Unaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
Ranges of motion
3 general types of movements
gliding
angular movements
rotation
Angular movements
increase or decrease in angle between 2 bones
flexion
extension
hyperextension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
movement of the wrist
ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between the articular process of vertebra
Gliding movement
turning of the bone around its own axis
Rotation
Special movement:
palms face anteriorly
palms face posteriorly
supination
pronotian
Special movement:
bending foot toward the shin
pointing toes
dorsiflexion
planter flexion
Special movement:
sole of foot faces medially
sole of foot faces laterally
Inversion
Eversion
Special movement:
mandible juts out
the mandible is pulled toward the neck
protraction
retraction
Special movement:
up off the shoulder
down of the shoulder
Elevation
Depression
Special movement: movement that makes our hands such fine tools for grasping
oppositional
connections from bone to bone
ligaments
connections from muscle to bone
tendons
5 main synovial joints
knee
shoulder
elbow
hip
jaw
glenoid labrum
coracohumeral ligament
glenohumeral ligament
coracocromial ligament
Important should structures
rim of fibrocartilage that surrounds the glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum
only strong thickening of the capsule that supports the weight of the upper limb
goes from coracoid process to the head of the humerus
shoulder
coracohumeral ligament
only strong thickening of the capsule that supports the weight of the upper limb
goes from coracoid process to the head of the humerus
shoulder
coracohumeral ligament
strengthens the front of the capsule but are weak and may even be asbent
goes from glenoid cavity to the humerus
shoulder
glenohumeral ligaments
strengthens the front of the capsule but are weak and may even be asbent
goes from glenoid cavity to the humerus
shoulder
glenohumeral ligaments
goes across the acromion and coracoid
shoulder
coracoacromial ligament
attaches to the clavicle
Acromioclavicular
attaches to the clavicle
Acromioclavicular
goes across the acromion and coracoid
shoulder
coracoacromial ligament
the 4 rotator cuff tendons in the shoulder
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
the 2 capsular ligaments that restrict side-to-side movement in the elbow
ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
surrounds the head of the radius
elbow
anular ligament
rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of socket
hip
acetabular labrum
can be seen anteriorly and posteriorly
in between greater trochanter and anterior inferior iliac spine
iliofemoral ligament
can be seen anteriorly and posteriorly
in between greater trochanter and anterior inferior iliac spine
iliofemoral ligament
seen more on the posterior side
ischiofemoral ligament
seen anteriorly
connects lesser trochanter to the superior ramus of pubis
pubofemoral ligament
intrascapular band that runs from the femur head to the lower lip of the acetabulum
ligament head of the femur
Mandible has 2 types of movement
hinge: depression and elevation
gliding: side-to-side movement
- due to compression or sheeth stress
- cartilage rarely repairs itself
- repared with arthroscopic surgery
Cartilage tears
- reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
- common in ankle, knee, lumber region of the back
- partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization
Sprains
swelling of bursae
bursitis
swelling of tendon
tendinitis
pain, stiffness, and swelling of joints
arthritis
chronic forms or arthritis
osteoarthritis (wear and tear)
rheumatoid arthritis (auto immune)
routy
Plane: flat articular surface gliding, non-axial movement occurs
Type of synovial joint
between a cylinder and trough uniaxial movement of flexion and extension
Hinge
sleeve (bone) axis (joint) rotates in a uniaxial movement
Pivot
biaxial movement between oval and articular surfaces ex: condylar joint
condylar joint
between concave and convex
Saddle
allows for multiaxial movement ex: shoulder
Ball and socket
