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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Contains DNA, directs synthesis of proteins and ribosomes

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What kind of cells are nucleus’ present in?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Ribosome subunit synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

What cells are the nucleolus present in?

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Lipid (fat) synthesis
Not connected to nucleus

A

Smooth ER

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6
Q

Protein synthesis
Connected to nucleus

A

Rough ER (ribosomes)

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7
Q

Do prokaryotes have rough or smooth ER’s?

A

No

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8
Q

Where proteins and lipids coming from the ER are processed, sorted, and packaged for transport

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Sacs containing digestive enzymes break down captured food materials

A

LysosOmes

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10
Q

Responsible for cellular respiration for AEROBIC ATP production

A

Mitochondria (PowerHouse)

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11
Q

Storage

A

Vacuole

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12
Q

Contains enzymes that rid the cell of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide which is a common result of cellular respiration

A

PeroXisome

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13
Q

Do prokaryotes contain lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A

No

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14
Q

Responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts (plant cells, algae, some Protozoa)

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15
Q

What are the 4 common components of cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

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16
Q

What is the prokaryotic cells central part?

A

Nucleoid

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17
Q

What kind of cell wall do prokaryotes have?

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

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18
Q

Bacteria and Archae are ______ cells

A

Prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

Animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists are _______ cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

Have membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

In prokaryotes the cell membrane lies

A

beneath the cell wall.

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22
Q

Components of the prokaryotic cell membrane include

A

phospholipids (40%) and proteins (60%)

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23
Q

Have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails

A

Phospholipids

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24
Q

Most of the phospholipid bilayer is made up of the

A

hydrophobic core

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25
Q

are allowed easy passage across the membrane

A

Hydrophobic molecules

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26
Q

Hydrophilic molecules _______ pass the hydrophobic core so they cannot easily pass across the membrane.

A

cannot

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27
Q

Proteins in the membrane can also be

A

receptors, carriers, or recognition proteins.

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28
Q

The proteins in a membrane can act as

A

transport channels.

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29
Q

Two types of membrane transport

A

Active and Passive

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30
Q

Movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Passive transport

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31
Q

No energy or ATP needed for this kind of transport

A

Passive

32
Q

What is the goal of passive transport?

A

Equilibrium across the membrane

33
Q

The three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

34
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane

A

Diffusion

35
Q

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane using a protein transport channel

A

Facilitated diffusion

36
Q

Glucose and fructose use ___________ to cross a membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

37
Q

Transport channels can be

A

Specific or non specific

38
Q

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

A

Osmosis

39
Q

Made of a solute dissolved in a solvent

A

A solution

40
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

contains more solvent than solute

41
Q

Hypertonic solution contains

A

more solute than solvent

42
Q

Isotonic solution contains

A

equal amts of solute and solvents

43
Q

What is required for active transport

A

ATP or energy

44
Q

Ions like sodium and potassium use

A

active transport to cross a membrane

45
Q

A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. The solution the cell was placed in a(n) __________ solution

A

Hypertonic solution

46
Q

A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. If water will osmose, in what direction will it osmose?

A

Water will osmose of of the cell

47
Q

Made of protein and increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Enzymes
(biological catalyst)

48
Q

Increases the rate of the reaction by increasing the activation energy

A

Enzymes

49
Q

When the substrate binds to the enzyme in its active site, its called an:

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

50
Q

Where does catalyses take plave?

A

Active site on the enzyme

51
Q

What denatures (changed shape) enzymes?

A

Extreme temp or pH

52
Q

Block the active sites so substrated cant bind

A

Competitive inhibitors

53
Q

Changes shape of enzyme so substrate cannot bind to eznyme

A

Noncompetative inhibitors

54
Q

The amt of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed

A

Activation energy

55
Q

Some enzymes require ______ to function

A

Cofactors(IO) or Coenzymes(O)

56
Q

Cofactors of enzymes can be ________ or _________ molecules.

A

Inorganic (iron, copper, zinc)
Organize (coenzymes)

57
Q

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
Ex: Microbes breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O

A

Catabolism

58
Q

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules.
Ex: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

A

Anabolism

59
Q

Where does the energy from Anabolism come from?

A

ATP produced during catabolism

60
Q

How is ATPS energy released?

A

When an enzyme breaks a bond between the 3rd phosphate group to the remained of the molecule

61
Q

What is the name of the process of producing ATP from glucose while consuming oxygen?

A

Aerobic energy production

62
Q

C6H12O6+6O2 –> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

A

Equation for aerobic energy production

63
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

64
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

65
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

66
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

67
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

What enters the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 acetyl CoA

69
Q

What are the products of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP

70
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes?

A

Cell membrane

71
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria

72
Q

What enters the electron transport chain?

A

NADH, FADH2

73
Q

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

A

ATP, H2O

74
Q

The final member(s) of the electron transport chain in anaerobic energy production

A

Nitrate, sulfate

75
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose via anaerobic energy production?

A

38

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13 decks)

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