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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Contains DNA, directs synthesis of proteins and ribosomes

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What kind of cells are nucleus’ present in?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Ribosome subunit synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

What cells are the nucleolus present in?

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Lipid (fat) synthesis
Not connected to nucleus

A

Smooth ER

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6
Q

Protein synthesis
Connected to nucleus

A

Rough ER (ribosomes)

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7
Q

Do prokaryotes have rough or smooth ER’s?

A

No

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8
Q

Where proteins and lipids coming from the ER are processed, sorted, and packaged for transport

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Sacs containing digestive enzymes break down captured food materials

A

LysosOmes

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10
Q

Responsible for cellular respiration for AEROBIC ATP production

A

Mitochondria (PowerHouse)

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11
Q

Storage

A

Vacuole

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12
Q

Contains enzymes that rid the cell of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide which is a common result of cellular respiration

A

PeroXisome

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13
Q

Do prokaryotes contain lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A

No

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14
Q

Responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts (plant cells, algae, some Protozoa)

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15
Q

What are the 4 common components of cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

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16
Q

What is the prokaryotic cells central part?

A

Nucleoid

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17
Q

What kind of cell wall do prokaryotes have?

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

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18
Q

Bacteria and Archae are ______ cells

A

Prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

Animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists are _______ cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

Have membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

In prokaryotes the cell membrane lies

A

beneath the cell wall.

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22
Q

Components of the prokaryotic cell membrane include

A

phospholipids (40%) and proteins (60%)

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23
Q

Have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails

A

Phospholipids

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24
Q

Most of the phospholipid bilayer is made up of the

A

hydrophobic core

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25
are allowed easy passage across the membrane
Hydrophobic molecules
26
Hydrophilic molecules _______ pass the hydrophobic core so they cannot easily pass across the membrane.
cannot
27
Proteins in the membrane can also be
receptors, carriers, or recognition proteins.
28
The proteins in a membrane can act as
transport channels.
29
Two types of membrane transport
Active and Passive
30
Movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Passive transport
31
No energy or ATP needed for this kind of transport
Passive
32
What is the goal of passive transport?
Equilibrium across the membrane
33
The three types of passive transport
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
34
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane
Diffusion
35
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane using a protein transport channel
Facilitated diffusion
36
Glucose and fructose use ___________ to cross a membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
37
Transport channels can be
Specific or non specific
38
The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Osmosis
39
Made of a solute dissolved in a solvent
A solution
40
Hypotonic solution
contains more solvent than solute
41
Hypertonic solution contains
more solute than solvent
42
Isotonic solution contains
equal amts of solute and solvents
43
What is required for active transport
ATP or energy
44
Ions like sodium and potassium use
active transport to cross a membrane
45
A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. The solution the cell was placed in a(n) __________ solution
Hypertonic solution
46
A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. If water will osmose, in what direction will it osmose?
Water will osmose of of the cell
47
Made of protein and increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes (biological catalyst)
48
Increases the rate of the reaction by increasing the activation energy
Enzymes
49
When the substrate binds to the enzyme in its active site, its called an:
Enzyme-substrate complex
50
Where does catalyses take plave?
Active site on the enzyme
51
What denatures (changed shape) enzymes?
Extreme temp or pH
52
Block the active sites so substrated cant bind
Competitive inhibitors
53
Changes shape of enzyme so substrate cannot bind to eznyme
Noncompetative inhibitors
54
The amt of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed
Activation energy
55
Some enzymes require ______ to function
Cofactors(IO) or Coenzymes(O)
56
Cofactors of enzymes can be ________ or _________ molecules.
Inorganic (iron, copper, zinc) Organize (coenzymes)
57
Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules. Ex: Microbes breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O
Catabolism
58
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules. Ex: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Anabolism
59
Where does the energy from Anabolism come from?
ATP produced during catabolism
60
How is ATPS energy released?
When an enzyme breaks a bond between the 3rd phosphate group to the remained of the molecule
61
What is the name of the process of producing ATP from glucose while consuming oxygen?
Aerobic energy production
62
C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Equation for aerobic energy production
63
Where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
64
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
65
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
66
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
67
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria
68
What enters the Kreb’s cycle?
2 acetyl CoA
69
What are the products of the Kreb’s cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
70
Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes?
Cell membrane
71
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria
72
What enters the electron transport chain?
NADH, FADH2
73
What are the products of the electron transport chain?
ATP, H2O
74
The final member(s) of the electron transport chain in anaerobic energy production
Nitrate, sulfate
75
How many molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose via anaerobic energy production?
38

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13 decks)

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