Chapter 3: Cell Structure Flashcards
Contains DNA, directs synthesis of proteins and ribosomes
Nucleus
What kind of cells are nucleus’ present in?
Eukaryotes
Ribosome subunit synthesis
Nucleolus
What cells are the nucleolus present in?
Eukaryotes
Lipid (fat) synthesis
Not connected to nucleus
Smooth ER
Protein synthesis
Connected to nucleus
Rough ER (ribosomes)
Do prokaryotes have rough or smooth ER’s?
No
Where proteins and lipids coming from the ER are processed, sorted, and packaged for transport
Golgi apparatus
Sacs containing digestive enzymes break down captured food materials
LysosOmes
Responsible for cellular respiration for AEROBIC ATP production
Mitochondria (PowerHouse)
Storage
Vacuole
Contains enzymes that rid the cell of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide which is a common result of cellular respiration
PeroXisome
Do prokaryotes contain lysosomes and peroxisomes?
No
Responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts (plant cells, algae, some Protozoa)
What are the 4 common components of cells?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
What is the prokaryotic cells central part?
Nucleoid
What kind of cell wall do prokaryotes have?
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Bacteria and Archae are ______ cells
Prokaryotic cells
Animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists are _______ cells
Eukaryotic cells
Have membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells
In prokaryotes the cell membrane lies
beneath the cell wall.
Components of the prokaryotic cell membrane include
phospholipids (40%) and proteins (60%)
Have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails
Phospholipids
Most of the phospholipid bilayer is made up of the
hydrophobic core
are allowed easy passage across the membrane
Hydrophobic molecules
Hydrophilic molecules _______ pass the hydrophobic core so they cannot easily pass across the membrane.
cannot
Proteins in the membrane can also be
receptors, carriers, or recognition proteins.
The proteins in a membrane can act as
transport channels.
Two types of membrane transport
Active and Passive
Movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Passive transport
No energy or ATP needed for this kind of transport
Passive
What is the goal of passive transport?
Equilibrium across the membrane
The three types of passive transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane using a protein transport channel
Facilitated diffusion
Glucose and fructose use ___________ to cross a membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
Transport channels can be
Specific or non specific
The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Osmosis
Made of a solute dissolved in a solvent
A solution
Hypotonic solution
contains more solvent than solute
Hypertonic solution contains
more solute than solvent
Isotonic solution contains
equal amts of solute and solvents
What is required for active transport
ATP or energy
Ions like sodium and potassium use
active transport to cross a membrane
A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. The solution the cell was placed in a(n) __________ solution
Hypertonic solution
A cell with 5% sugar is placed in a 50% sugar solution. If water will osmose, in what direction will it osmose?
Water will osmose of of the cell
Made of protein and increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes
(biological catalyst)
Increases the rate of the reaction by increasing the activation energy
Enzymes
When the substrate binds to the enzyme in its active site, its called an:
Enzyme-substrate complex
Where does catalyses take plave?
Active site on the enzyme
What denatures (changed shape) enzymes?
Extreme temp or pH
Block the active sites so substrated cant bind
Competitive inhibitors
Changes shape of enzyme so substrate cannot bind to eznyme
Noncompetative inhibitors
The amt of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed
Activation energy
Some enzymes require ______ to function
Cofactors(IO) or Coenzymes(O)
Cofactors of enzymes can be ________ or _________ molecules.
Inorganic (iron, copper, zinc)
Organize (coenzymes)
Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
Ex: Microbes breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O
Catabolism
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules.
Ex: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Anabolism
Where does the energy from Anabolism come from?
ATP produced during catabolism
How is ATPS energy released?
When an enzyme breaks a bond between the 3rd phosphate group to the remained of the molecule
What is the name of the process of producing ATP from glucose while consuming oxygen?
Aerobic energy production
C6H12O6+6O2 –> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Equation for aerobic energy production
Where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria
What enters the Kreb’s cycle?
2 acetyl CoA
What are the products of the Kreb’s cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes?
Cell membrane
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria
What enters the electron transport chain?
NADH, FADH2
What are the products of the electron transport chain?
ATP, H2O
The final member(s) of the electron transport chain in anaerobic energy production
Nitrate, sulfate
How many molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose via anaerobic energy production?
38
