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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 6: Bones and Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal cartilage grows in two ways

A

Appositional

Insterstitial

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2
Q

cartilage forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

-new matrix is laid down on surface cartilage

A

Appositional Growth

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3
Q

chondrocytes within lacuna divide+secrete new matrix, expands the cartilage from within

A

Interstitial Growth

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4
Q

Functions of Bone

A
  • Supports
  • Protects
  • Movement
  • Mineral growth
  • Blood cell formation
  • Triglyceride storage
    • Hormone production
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5
Q

2 Groups of Bone

A

Axial: skull vertebrae, rib cage

Appendicular: bones of upper + lower limbs, girdles attaching to axial skeleton

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6
Q

Classifications of Bone

A
  1. long
  2. short- sesamoid bones form within tendons
  3. flat
  4. irregular
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7
Q

What does bone consists of besides osseous tissue?

A
  • nervous tissue
  • cartilage
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • muscle cells
    • epithelial cells in blood vessels
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8
Q

3 Structural Levels of Bone

A

Gross (macroscopic)

Cell (microscopic)

Chemical

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9
Q

Shaft (surrounds medullary cavity)

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

contains yellow bone marrow (yellow marrow cavity)

A

Medullary Cavity

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11
Q

ends of bones

Articulate cartilage coats the very ends

A

Epiphysis

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12
Q

Childhood bone growth occurs (metaphysis)

A

Epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

Short, irregular, and flat bones have these membranes

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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14
Q

covers the outside of the compact bone, white, double-layered

made of: dense irregular connective tissue

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

secures bone matrix

A

Sharpey’s Tissue

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16
Q

inner layer abutting bone+ contains osteogenic cells that give rise to bone cells

A

Osteogenic layer

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17
Q

rich in nerve fibers and blood vessels. Connects through shafts vie

A

Nutrient Foramen

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18
Q

covers inside portion of compact bone + trabeculae

made of: a gentle connective tissue membrane

lines canals that pass through compact bone

A

Endosteum

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19
Q

red marrow that is found in trabecular cavities of spongy bones and diploe of flat bones

A

Hematopoeietic Tissue

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20
Q

Bone markings

A

projection (outward bulge)

depression (bowl/groove) (FOSSA) passageways for vessels, nerves, and joints

Opening: hole serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

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21
Q
  • mitotically active in periosteum+endosteum
  • some remain osteogenic stem cells
  • differentiate into osteblasts or bone-lining cells
A

Osteogenic Cells (osteoprogenitor/stem cells)

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22
Q

bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

when they get trapped in calcified matrix, they turn into osteocytes

mitotically active

A

Osteoblast

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23
Q

maintain bone matrix and are stress and strain sensors

communicate information to osteoblasts + osteoclasts

live in lacunae

A

Osteocyte

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24
Q

developed from monocytes and macrophages

functions in bone resorbtion (break down)

multinucleate

strips calcium out of bone and puts it in blood stream if hypocalcemic

A

Osteoclasts

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25
What does lamellar bone (compact bone) consist of?
osteon canals + canaliculi interstitial + circumferential lamella
26
structural unit of compact bone consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone
Osteon
27
rings of bone matrix in osteon cylinder
lamellae
28
run though center of osten contains: blood vessels and nerve fibers
Central canals (haversian)
29
lined with endosteum that occur at right angles of canals connects: blood vessels, nerves or periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
Perforating canals (Volkmanns)
30
tiny canals that connect lacunae to eachother allows communication and permits nutrients and wastes from one cell to another
Canaliculli
31
lamella that is not part of the osteon fill gaps between forming osteons
Interstitial lamellae
32
deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum extends around entire surface of diaphysis
Circumferential Lamellae
33
Fiber type is fine collagen fibers consists of: articular cartilage (artic=joint), costal cartilage (ribs to sternum), respiratory cartlages (skeleton of larynx), nasal cartilage (external nose) most abundant skeletal cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
34
fibers in matrix include fine collagen fibers, stretchy elastic fibers, and are able to repeatedly bend Found in: external ear cartilage, and epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
35
highly compressible with great tensile strength. consists of roughly parallel rows of condrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
36
Organic parts of the bone
includes the cells of the bone osteoid (organic part of the matrix) ⅓ collagen fibers
37
Inorganic parts of the bone
inorganic hydroxyapatites or mineral salts (calcium phosphates) 65% by mass
38
Before week 8 of bone formation
Bone is made from hyaline cartilage
39
replaces hyaline cartilage (first breaks it down making it complicated) end result is called a cartilage or endochondral bone begins late in the second month of formation
Endochondral Ossification
40
bone develops from a fibrous membrane and is called membrane bone skull and clavicle is made like this
Intramembranous Ossification
41
center of the hyaline cartilage shaft
Primary ossification center
42
Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage
1st step of Endochondral Ossification
43
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcified (condrocytes die, matrix deteriorates) and then develops cavities
2nd step of Endochondral Ossification
44
The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms Bud contains nutrient artery, vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells (become osteoblasts) , and osteoclasts (erode calcified matrix)
3rd step of Endochondral Ossification
45
Dyaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms As primary ossification center enlarges, osteoclasts break down sponge and make medullary cavity Second ossification center appears in the epiphysis and periosteal bud invades
4th step of Endochondral Ossification
46
The epiphysis ossify and cartilage remains only in the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
5th step of Endochondral Ossification
47
Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane Centrally located mesenchymal cells clusters and some turn into osteoblasts forming the center and first trabechulae of bone
1st step of Intramembranous Ossification
48
Osteoid is then secreted within the fibrous membrane by osteoblasts and calcifies Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
2nd step of Intramembranous Ossification
49
Woven bone and periosteum form Osteoid forms in a manner that creates a network of trabechulae with blood vessels Vascularized mesenchyme turn into periosteum
3rd step of Intramembranous Ossification
50
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
4th step of Intramembranous Ossification
51
5 Epihyseal Zones
Resting zone Proliferation zone Hypertrophic zone Calcification zone Ossification zone
52
cartilage is inactive on the side of epiphyseal plate
Resting zone
53
Side of the stack nect to the resting zones where cells divide quickly, (mitosis) pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis and lengthening the bone
Proliferation zone
54
As older chondrocytes hypertrophy, their lacuna eorde and enlarge, leaving large interconnecting spaces
Hypertrophic zone
55
The surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies and these chondrocytes die and deteriorate producing the…
Calcification zone
56
Long slender spicules of calcified cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis are invaded by marrow elements from the medullary cavity. Osteoclasts partly erode the cartilage spicules then osteoblasts quickly cover them with new bone
Ossification zone
57
most important hormone instimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
Growth hormone
58
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper portions
Thyroid hormone
59
promote adolescent grown spurts -end growth by plate closure
Sex hormones
60
controls blood calcium level When levels are hypocalcemic, osteacalsts take Ca from bone and transfers it to blood
Parathyroid hormone
61
low levels of Ca
Hypocalcemic
62
High levels of calcium Can results in kidney stones and calcium salts in blood
Hypercalcemic
63
Fracture classficiation
Position (non-displaced or displaced) Completeness (complete(atwt) or incomplete(natwt)) Penetration of skin (open (penetrated) or closed (not penetrated))
64
3 or more pieces of fracture
Communited
65
bone is crushed
Compression
66
twisting of bone
Spiral
67
involves damage to epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal fracture
68
one side of shaft breaks
Greenstick
69
Fracture Repair
1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilage callous forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occurs

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13 decks)

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