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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 6: Bones and Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal cartilage grows in two ways

A

Appositional

Insterstitial

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2
Q

cartilage forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

-new matrix is laid down on surface cartilage

A

Appositional Growth

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3
Q

chondrocytes within lacuna divide+secrete new matrix, expands the cartilage from within

A

Interstitial Growth

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4
Q

Functions of Bone

A
  • Supports
  • Protects
  • Movement
  • Mineral growth
  • Blood cell formation
  • Triglyceride storage
    • Hormone production
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5
Q

2 Groups of Bone

A

Axial: skull vertebrae, rib cage

Appendicular: bones of upper + lower limbs, girdles attaching to axial skeleton

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6
Q

Classifications of Bone

A
  1. long
  2. short- sesamoid bones form within tendons
  3. flat
  4. irregular
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7
Q

What does bone consists of besides osseous tissue?

A
  • nervous tissue
  • cartilage
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • muscle cells
    • epithelial cells in blood vessels
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8
Q

3 Structural Levels of Bone

A

Gross (macroscopic)

Cell (microscopic)

Chemical

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9
Q

Shaft (surrounds medullary cavity)

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

contains yellow bone marrow (yellow marrow cavity)

A

Medullary Cavity

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11
Q

ends of bones

Articulate cartilage coats the very ends

A

Epiphysis

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12
Q

Childhood bone growth occurs (metaphysis)

A

Epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

Short, irregular, and flat bones have these membranes

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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14
Q

covers the outside of the compact bone, white, double-layered

made of: dense irregular connective tissue

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

secures bone matrix

A

Sharpey’s Tissue

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16
Q

inner layer abutting bone+ contains osteogenic cells that give rise to bone cells

A

Osteogenic layer

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17
Q

rich in nerve fibers and blood vessels. Connects through shafts vie

A

Nutrient Foramen

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18
Q

covers inside portion of compact bone + trabeculae

made of: a gentle connective tissue membrane

lines canals that pass through compact bone

A

Endosteum

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19
Q

red marrow that is found in trabecular cavities of spongy bones and diploe of flat bones

A

Hematopoeietic Tissue

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20
Q

Bone markings

A

projection (outward bulge)

depression (bowl/groove) (FOSSA) passageways for vessels, nerves, and joints

Opening: hole serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

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21
Q
  • mitotically active in periosteum+endosteum
  • some remain osteogenic stem cells
  • differentiate into osteblasts or bone-lining cells
A

Osteogenic Cells (osteoprogenitor/stem cells)

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22
Q

bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

when they get trapped in calcified matrix, they turn into osteocytes

mitotically active

A

Osteoblast

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23
Q

maintain bone matrix and are stress and strain sensors

communicate information to osteoblasts + osteoclasts

live in lacunae

A

Osteocyte

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24
Q

developed from monocytes and macrophages

functions in bone resorbtion (break down)

multinucleate

strips calcium out of bone and puts it in blood stream if hypocalcemic

A

Osteoclasts

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25
Q

What does lamellar bone (compact bone) consist of?

A

osteon

canals + canaliculi

interstitial + circumferential lamella

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26
Q

structural unit of compact bone

consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone

A

Osteon

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27
Q

rings of bone matrix in osteon cylinder

A

lamellae

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28
Q

run though center of osten

contains: blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

Central canals (haversian)

29
Q

lined with endosteum that occur at right angles of canals

connects: blood vessels, nerves or periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

A

Perforating canals (Volkmanns)

30
Q

tiny canals that connect lacunae to eachother

allows communication and permits nutrients and wastes from one cell to another

A

Canaliculli

31
Q

lamella that is not part of the osteon

fill gaps between forming osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

32
Q

deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum

extends around entire surface of diaphysis

A

Circumferential Lamellae

33
Q

Fiber type is fine collagen fibers

consists of: articular cartilage (artic=joint), costal cartilage (ribs to sternum), respiratory cartlages (skeleton of larynx), nasal cartilage (external nose)

most abundant skeletal cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

34
Q

fibers in matrix include fine collagen fibers, stretchy elastic fibers, and are able to repeatedly bend

Found in: external ear cartilage, and epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

35
Q

highly compressible with great tensile strength.

consists of roughly parallel rows of condrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

36
Q

Organic parts of the bone

A

includes the cells of the bone

osteoid (organic part of the matrix) ⅓

collagen fibers

37
Q

Inorganic parts of the bone

A

inorganic hydroxyapatites or mineral salts (calcium phosphates)

65% by mass

38
Q

Before week 8 of bone formation

A

Bone is made from hyaline cartilage

39
Q

replaces hyaline cartilage (first breaks it down making it complicated)

end result is called a cartilage or endochondral bone

begins late in the second month of formation

A

Endochondral Ossification

40
Q

bone develops from a fibrous membrane and is called membrane bone

skull and clavicle is made like this

A

Intramembranous Ossification

41
Q

center of the hyaline cartilage shaft

A

Primary ossification center

42
Q

Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage

A

1st step of Endochondral Ossification

43
Q

Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcified (condrocytes die, matrix deteriorates) and then develops cavities

A

2nd step of Endochondral Ossification

44
Q

The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

Bud contains nutrient artery, vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells (become osteoblasts) , and osteoclasts (erode calcified matrix)

A

3rd step of Endochondral Ossification

45
Q

Dyaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

As primary ossification center enlarges, osteoclasts break down sponge and make medullary cavity

Second ossification center appears in the epiphysis and periosteal bud invades

A

4th step of Endochondral Ossification

46
Q

The epiphysis ossify

and cartilage remains only in the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

A

5th step of Endochondral Ossification

47
Q

Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

Centrally located mesenchymal cells clusters and some turn into osteoblasts forming the center and first trabechulae of bone

A

1st step of Intramembranous Ossification

48
Q

Osteoid is then secreted within the fibrous membrane by osteoblasts and calcifies

Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

A

2nd step of Intramembranous Ossification

49
Q

Woven bone and periosteum form

Osteoid forms in a manner that creates a network of trabechulae with blood vessels

Vascularized mesenchyme turn into periosteum

A

3rd step of Intramembranous Ossification

50
Q

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

A

4th step of Intramembranous Ossification

51
Q

5 Epihyseal Zones

A

Resting zone

Proliferation zone

Hypertrophic zone

Calcification zone

Ossification zone

52
Q

cartilage is inactive on the side of epiphyseal plate

A

Resting zone

53
Q

Side of the stack nect to the resting zones where cells divide quickly, (mitosis) pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis and lengthening the bone

A

Proliferation zone

54
Q

As older chondrocytes hypertrophy, their lacuna eorde and enlarge, leaving large interconnecting spaces

A

Hypertrophic zone

55
Q

The surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies and these chondrocytes die and deteriorate producing the…

A

Calcification zone

56
Q

Long slender spicules of calcified cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis are invaded by marrow elements from the medullary cavity.

Osteoclasts partly erode the cartilage spicules then osteoblasts quickly cover them with new bone

A

Ossification zone

57
Q

most important hormone instimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

A

Growth hormone

58
Q

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper portions

A

Thyroid hormone

59
Q

promote adolescent grown spurts

-end growth by plate closure

A

Sex hormones

60
Q

controls blood calcium level

When levels are hypocalcemic, osteacalsts take Ca from bone and transfers it to blood

A

Parathyroid hormone

61
Q

low levels of Ca

A

Hypocalcemic

62
Q

High levels of calcium

Can results in kidney stones and calcium salts in blood

A

Hypercalcemic

63
Q

Fracture classficiation

A

Position (non-displaced or displaced)

Completeness (complete(atwt) or incomplete(natwt))

Penetration of skin (open (penetrated) or closed (not penetrated))

64
Q

3 or more pieces of fracture

A

Communited

65
Q

bone is crushed

A

Compression

66
Q

twisting of bone

A

Spiral

67
Q

involves damage to epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphyseal fracture

68
Q

one side of shaft breaks

A

Greenstick

69
Q

Fracture Repair

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilage callous forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13 decks)

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