Chapter 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards
short, nonmyelinated neurons + cell bodies
Gray matter
myelinated axons
White matter
hollow spaces are filled w/ cerebral spinal fluid and are lined with ependymal
are continuous with one another + the spinal cord
ventricles
blockage of the drainage of CSF
(tumor, inflammation, meningitis)
homeostatic imbalance
hydrocephallus
protects cells from toxins and pathogens
can pass: protein and antibiotics
cannot pass: alcohol and anesthetic
Blood-brain barrier
deep grooves in the brain
fissures
elevated ridges
gyri
shallow grooves
sulcus
the 5 hemispheres
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insula
Major sulci that divide lobes
central sulcus, parietio-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus
Motor areas of the cortex
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca’s area
frontal eye field
sensory areas
primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
visual areas
auditory areas
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area
site of the conscious mind
composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia, and blood vessels. No fiber tracts
Cerebral cortex
awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory, and understanding
cerebral cortex
allow voluntary muscle movement
have large neurons called pyramidal cells
located in the precentral gyri
all muscles of the body can map back to this cortex
pimary motor cortex
left primary motor gyrus controls muscles in right side of the body and vice verse
contralateral
controls learned, repetitious, patterned motor skills
controls simultaneous or sequential actions
controls voluntary action that depends on sensory feedback
located anteriorly to the precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)
premotor cortex
the motor area that controls speech and muscles of speech
active in planning speech
inferior and anterior to premotor cortex (frontal lobe)
brocas area
controls voluntary eye movements
located anteriorly to the premotor cortex (frontal lobe)
frontal eye field`
receives general sensory information from somatic (sensory) receptors in the skin and proprioceptors (position sense rec.) in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons
locating postcentral gyri of the parietal lobe
involved in spatial discrimination
primary somatosensory cortex
identification of body region being stimulated
spatial discrimination
integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex for understanding object (determine size, shape, etc.)
located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
somatosensory association cortex
uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, movement)
ex: ability to recognize a face
entire anterior half of the occipital lobe and surrounds primary visual cortex
visual association area
recieves visual info from retinas
located on extreme posterior tip of occiptal lobe
primary visual cortex
interprets audio from inner ear (loudness+location)
superior margins of temporal lobes
primary auditory cortex
stores memories of sound and permits perception of sound stimulus
posterior to primary auditory cortex
auditory association are
responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
posterior part of insula + adjacent to parietal cortex
vestibular cortex
allows for conscious awareness of odors
afferent fibers from smell receptors in nasal cavity send impulse along the olfactory tracts that are relayed to olfactory cortices
located in the medial aspect of temporal lobes in the piriform lobe
olfactory complex
region involved in percieving taste stimuli
located in the insula deep to the temporal lobe
gustatory cortex
involved in conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach,full bladder)
cortex of insula posterior to the gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area
receives input from. multiple sensory areas
sends output to multiple areas
allows us to give meaning to information, store it in memory, decide one actions
divided into 3 parts
multimodal association areas
involved with intellect cognition, recall, personality
wokring memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning
development depends on social feedback from social environment
anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
recognizes patterns and faces and localizing us in space
understanding written and spoken language (wernickes area)
large region in temporal, periatal and occiptal lobes
posterior association area
involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus
emotional impact that makes important to us + helps establish those memories
limbic association area
division of labor between hemispheres
laterlization
refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language
cerebral dominance
horizontal running fibers that connects different parts of the same hemisphere
association fibers
vertical fibers the connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord
projection fibers
horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres
commisural fibers
group of subcortical structures found in the white matter of each hemisphere
caudate, putamen, globus palladus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
they form part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems
functions in muscle movements, play role in cognition and emotion, filter out incorrect responses, inhibits antagonistic movement
basal nuclei or basal ganglia
includes all part of the cerebrum that receive olfactory signals
rhinencephalon
a striatum includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
basal nuclei or basal ganglia
PROsenceaphalon (forebrain)
MESencephalon (midbrain)
ROMBencephalon (hindbrain)
primary brain vesicles
TELEncephalon
DIencephalon
MESencephalon
METencephalon
MYELencephalon
secondary brain vesicles
contains the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclie)
cerebrum
canal region in cerebrum
lateral vesicle
consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
diancephalon
canal region in diencephalon
third ventrical
contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brain stem
canal regions of brain stem
cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle
ventricle in cerebellum
fourth ventricle
canal in spinal cord
central canal
putamen and caudate
the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus and substantia nigra
the main output of the basal ganglia
3 paired gray matter structures
superior part of walls is thalamus
inferior part of walls and floor is hypothalamus
diancephalon
the relay station of the brain. filters and edits sensory information that want to go to the cerebral cortex
acts as a relay station for information coming to cortex
receives afferent signals and acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousing, learning, and memory
thalamus
contains mammillary bodies (olfactory relay station)
chief function is to maintain homeostasis throughout the body
controls: ANS, pituitary gland releases hormones, regulation of body temp, food intake, water balance, sleep wake cycles
forms cap over brain stem and is located below thalamus
hypothalamus
contains the pineal gland that secrete melatonin and regulates sleep wake cycle
epithalamus
consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
involved in transmitting sensory information to other brain areas
brain stem
cerebral peduncles (clusters of sensory fibers) corpora quadrigemina(eye+head movement), and cerebral aqueduct (connect 3rd vent to 4th)
located inbetween diancephalon and pons
midbrain
carries sensory info to the cerebellum
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas help control breathing
pons
regulates heart rate(cardiovascular center), blood pressure, breathing(respiratory center), and much more
includes hypoglossal nerve (controls muscles of the tongue for speech BOTH)
blends into spinal cord at foramen magnum
medulla oblongota
plays major role in balance and fine tuning motor activies
2 hemispheres connected by vermis
contains grey cortex of gray matter and treelike patterns of white matter called arbor vitae
cerebellum
mediates emotional response-emotional brain
involved in memory processing^
limbic system
maintains cerebral cortical alertness
filters out repetitive stimuli
helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity
reticular formation
disorders with phsyical symptoms from emotional causes
psychosomatic illnesses
area that understand language
wernickes area
region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech
wernickes area
working memory that temporarily hold information
changes in neuron activity
short term memory
physical changes in neuronal structure
develops over time
long term memory
(4Hz or less) high amplitude waves seen during deep sleep
delta waves (sleep)
temporary loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow. fainting or passing out
syncopy
skeletal muscles (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most dreaming occurs
REM sleep
anterograde amnesia
unable to make new memories
retrograde amnesia
unable to recall old memories
a TBI that causes headaches, problems with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination
Concussion
an injury that causes blood to collect under the skin
contusion
strongest meninx and the most superficial
2 layer: periosteal and meningeal
dura mater
middle meningeal
a loose brain covering
arachnoid mater
delicate connective meninge that has tiny blood vessels
pia mater
condition in which blood flow and thus oxygen is restricted in a part of the body
ischemia
action of nerves crossing in an x
decussation
controls muscles of tongue during speech and swallowing
underside of tongue
Both, primarily motor
Hypoglossal nerve
controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
controls swallowing
accessory nerve
visceral control including cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
controls secretion digestive fluid
vagus nerve
somatic sensations and taste on posterior ⅓ of tongue
lifts throat during swallowing
secretion of parotid gland
Glossopharyngeal nerve
hearing and balance
cochlear bran begins in medulla
vestibular branch begings in pons
vestibulocochlear
motor: -facial muscles -salivary, mucous glands and tears
sensory: taste buds on anterior ⅔ of tongue
facial nerve
lateral rectus rectus eye muscles
abducens
motor: muscles of mastication (mandible)
sensory: receptors of the face (3 branches)
trigeminal nerve
clusters of sensory and motor nerves
cerebral peduncles
superior coordinates eye movement
coordinates head movement
corproa quadregemina
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
superior oblique eye muscle
trochlear nerve
raises eyelid
- 4 extrinsic eye muscles
- 2 intrinsic eye muscles
oculomotor nerve
alerts cerebral cortex to alarming stimuli
maintains consciousness and keeps you awake from ear, eye, and skin stimuli
reticular formation
gray matter overlying white
gyri and grooves
longitudinal fissures separate left and right hemispheres
corporus callosum connects both hemispheres
cerebrum
initial processing of visual input is located in
occipital lobe
integration of all sensory input
temporal
somatosensory processing is done in the
parietal lobe
voluntary motors activity, speaking ability, and elaboration is in the
frontal lobe
connects to retina supplying vision
optic nerve
sense of smell nerve
olfactory nerves
