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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 12: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

short, nonmyelinated neurons + cell bodies

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

myelinated axons

A

White matter

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3
Q

hollow spaces are filled w/ cerebral spinal fluid and are lined with ependymal

are continuous with one another + the spinal cord

A

ventricles

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4
Q

blockage of the drainage of CSF

(tumor, inflammation, meningitis)

homeostatic imbalance

A

hydrocephallus

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5
Q

protects cells from toxins and pathogens

can pass: protein and antibiotics

cannot pass: alcohol and anesthetic

A

Blood-brain barrier

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6
Q

deep grooves in the brain

A

fissures

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7
Q

elevated ridges

A

gyri

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8
Q

shallow grooves

A

sulcus

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9
Q

the 5 hemispheres

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insula

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10
Q

Major sulci that divide lobes

A

central sulcus, parietio-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus

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11
Q

Motor areas of the cortex

A

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

Broca’s area

frontal eye field

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12
Q

sensory areas

A

primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory association cortex

visual areas

auditory areas

vestibular cortex

olfactory cortex

gustatory cortex

visceral sensory area

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13
Q

site of the conscious mind

composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia, and blood vessels. No fiber tracts

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory, and understanding

A

cerebral cortex

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15
Q

allow voluntary muscle movement

have large neurons called pyramidal cells

located in the precentral gyri

all muscles of the body can map back to this cortex

A

pimary motor cortex

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16
Q

left primary motor gyrus controls muscles in right side of the body and vice verse

A

contralateral

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17
Q

controls learned, repetitious, patterned motor skills

controls simultaneous or sequential actions

controls voluntary action that depends on sensory feedback

located anteriorly to the precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

A

premotor cortex

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18
Q

the motor area that controls speech and muscles of speech

active in planning speech

inferior and anterior to premotor cortex (frontal lobe)

A

brocas area

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19
Q

controls voluntary eye movements

located anteriorly to the premotor cortex (frontal lobe)

A

frontal eye field`

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20
Q

receives general sensory information from somatic (sensory) receptors in the skin and proprioceptors (position sense rec.) in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons

locating postcentral gyri of the parietal lobe

involved in spatial discrimination

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

identification of body region being stimulated

A

spatial discrimination

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22
Q

integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex for understanding object (determine size, shape, etc.)

located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

A

somatosensory association cortex

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23
Q

uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, movement)

ex: ability to recognize a face

entire anterior half of the occipital lobe and surrounds primary visual cortex

A

visual association area

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24
Q

recieves visual info from retinas

located on extreme posterior tip of occiptal lobe

A

primary visual cortex

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25
Q

interprets audio from inner ear (loudness+location)

superior margins of temporal lobes

A

primary auditory cortex

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26
Q

stores memories of sound and permits perception of sound stimulus

posterior to primary auditory cortex

A

auditory association are

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27
Q

responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

posterior part of insula + adjacent to parietal cortex

A

vestibular cortex

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28
Q

allows for conscious awareness of odors

afferent fibers from smell receptors in nasal cavity send impulse along the olfactory tracts that are relayed to olfactory cortices

located in the medial aspect of temporal lobes in the piriform lobe

A

olfactory complex

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29
Q

region involved in percieving taste stimuli

located in the insula deep to the temporal lobe

A

gustatory cortex

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30
Q

involved in conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach,full bladder)

cortex of insula posterior to the gustatory cortex

A

visceral sensory area

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31
Q

receives input from. multiple sensory areas

sends output to multiple areas

allows us to give meaning to information, store it in memory, decide one actions

divided into 3 parts

A

multimodal association areas

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32
Q

involved with intellect cognition, recall, personality

wokring memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning

development depends on social feedback from social environment

A

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

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33
Q

recognizes patterns and faces and localizing us in space

understanding written and spoken language (wernickes area)

large region in temporal, periatal and occiptal lobes

A

posterior association area

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34
Q

involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus

emotional impact that makes important to us + helps establish those memories

A

limbic association area

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35
Q

division of labor between hemispheres

A

laterlization

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36
Q

refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language

A

cerebral dominance

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37
Q

horizontal running fibers that connects different parts of the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

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38
Q

vertical fibers the connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

A

projection fibers

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39
Q

horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres

A

commisural fibers

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40
Q

group of subcortical structures found in the white matter of each hemisphere

caudate, putamen, globus palladus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

they form part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems

functions in muscle movements, play role in cognition and emotion, filter out incorrect responses, inhibits antagonistic movement

A

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

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41
Q

includes all part of the cerebrum that receive olfactory signals

A

rhinencephalon

42
Q

a striatum includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

A

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

43
Q

PROsenceaphalon (forebrain)

MESencephalon (midbrain)

ROMBencephalon (hindbrain)

A

primary brain vesicles

44
Q

TELEncephalon

DIencephalon

MESencephalon

METencephalon

MYELencephalon

A

secondary brain vesicles

45
Q

contains the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclie)

A

cerebrum

46
Q

canal region in cerebrum

A

lateral vesicle

47
Q

consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

A

diancephalon

48
Q

canal region in diencephalon

A

third ventrical

49
Q

contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

50
Q

canal regions of brain stem

A

cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle

51
Q

ventricle in cerebellum

A

fourth ventricle

52
Q

canal in spinal cord

A

central canal

53
Q

putamen and caudate

A

the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia

54
Q

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

A

the main output of the basal ganglia

55
Q

3 paired gray matter structures

superior part of walls is thalamus

inferior part of walls and floor is hypothalamus

A

diancephalon

56
Q

the relay station of the brain. filters and edits sensory information that want to go to the cerebral cortex

acts as a relay station for information coming to cortex

receives afferent signals and acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousing, learning, and memory

A

thalamus

57
Q

contains mammillary bodies (olfactory relay station)

chief function is to maintain homeostasis throughout the body

controls: ANS, pituitary gland releases hormones, regulation of body temp, food intake, water balance, sleep wake cycles

forms cap over brain stem and is located below thalamus

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

contains the pineal gland that secrete melatonin and regulates sleep wake cycle

A

epithalamus

59
Q

consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

involved in transmitting sensory information to other brain areas

A

brain stem

60
Q

cerebral peduncles (clusters of sensory fibers) corpora quadrigemina(eye+head movement), and cerebral aqueduct (connect 3rd vent to 4th)

located inbetween diancephalon and pons

A

midbrain

61
Q

carries sensory info to the cerebellum

pneumotaxic and apneustic areas help control breathing

A

pons

62
Q

regulates heart rate(cardiovascular center), blood pressure, breathing(respiratory center), and much more

includes hypoglossal nerve (controls muscles of the tongue for speech BOTH)

blends into spinal cord at foramen magnum

A

medulla oblongota

63
Q

plays major role in balance and fine tuning motor activies

2 hemispheres connected by vermis

contains grey cortex of gray matter and treelike patterns of white matter called arbor vitae

A

cerebellum

64
Q

mediates emotional response-emotional brain

involved in memory processing^

A

limbic system

65
Q

maintains cerebral cortical alertness

filters out repetitive stimuli

helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

A

reticular formation

66
Q

disorders with phsyical symptoms from emotional causes

A

psychosomatic illnesses

67
Q

area that understand language

A

wernickes area

68
Q

region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech

A

wernickes area

69
Q

working memory that temporarily hold information

changes in neuron activity

A

short term memory

70
Q

physical changes in neuronal structure

develops over time

A

long term memory

71
Q

(4Hz or less) high amplitude waves seen during deep sleep

A

delta waves (sleep)

72
Q

temporary loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow. fainting or passing out

A

syncopy

73
Q

skeletal muscles (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most dreaming occurs

A

REM sleep

74
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

unable to make new memories

75
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

unable to recall old memories

76
Q

a TBI that causes headaches, problems with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination

A

Concussion

77
Q

an injury that causes blood to collect under the skin

A

contusion

78
Q

strongest meninx and the most superficial

2 layer: periosteal and meningeal

A

dura mater

79
Q

middle meningeal

a loose brain covering

A

arachnoid mater

80
Q

delicate connective meninge that has tiny blood vessels

A

pia mater

81
Q

condition in which blood flow and thus oxygen is restricted in a part of the body

A

ischemia

82
Q

action of nerves crossing in an x

A

decussation

83
Q

controls muscles of tongue during speech and swallowing

underside of tongue

Both, primarily motor

A

Hypoglossal nerve

84
Q

controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

controls swallowing

A

accessory nerve

85
Q

visceral control including cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

controls secretion digestive fluid

A

vagus nerve

86
Q

somatic sensations and taste on posterior ⅓ of tongue

lifts throat during swallowing

secretion of parotid gland

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

87
Q

hearing and balance

cochlear bran begins in medulla

vestibular branch begings in pons

A

vestibulocochlear

88
Q

motor: -facial muscles -salivary, mucous glands and tears
sensory: taste buds on anterior ⅔ of tongue

A

facial nerve

89
Q

lateral rectus rectus eye muscles

A

abducens

90
Q

motor: muscles of mastication (mandible)
sensory: receptors of the face (3 branches)

A

trigeminal nerve

91
Q

clusters of sensory and motor nerves

A

cerebral peduncles

92
Q

superior coordinates eye movement

coordinates head movement

A

corproa quadregemina

superior colliculi

inferior colliculi

93
Q

superior oblique eye muscle

A

trochlear nerve

94
Q

raises eyelid

  • 4 extrinsic eye muscles
  • 2 intrinsic eye muscles
A

oculomotor nerve

95
Q

alerts cerebral cortex to alarming stimuli

maintains consciousness and keeps you awake from ear, eye, and skin stimuli

A

reticular formation

96
Q

gray matter overlying white

gyri and grooves

longitudinal fissures separate left and right hemispheres

corporus callosum connects both hemispheres

A

cerebrum

97
Q

initial processing of visual input is located in

A

occipital lobe

98
Q

integration of all sensory input

A

temporal

99
Q

somatosensory processing is done in the

A

parietal lobe

100
Q

voluntary motors activity, speaking ability, and elaboration is in the

A

frontal lobe

101
Q

connects to retina supplying vision

A

optic nerve

102
Q

sense of smell nerve

A

olfactory nerves

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13 decks)

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