Chapter 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards by Vi Radzi

short, nonmyelinated neurons + cell bodies

Gray matter

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myelinated axons

White matter

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hollow spaces are filled w/ cerebral spinal fluid and are lined with ependymal

are continuous with one another + the spinal cord

ventricles

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blockage of the drainage of CSF

(tumor, inflammation, meningitis)

homeostatic imbalance

hydrocephallus

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protects cells from toxins and pathogens

can pass: protein and antibiotics

cannot pass: alcohol and anesthetic

Blood-brain barrier

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deep grooves in the brain

fissures

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elevated ridges

gyri

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shallow grooves

sulcus

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the 5 hemispheres

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insula

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Major sulci that divide lobes

central sulcus, parietio-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus

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Motor areas of the cortex

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

Broca’s area

frontal eye field

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sensory areas

primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory association cortex

visual areas

auditory areas

vestibular cortex

olfactory cortex

gustatory cortex

visceral sensory area

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site of the conscious mind

composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia, and blood vessels. No fiber tracts

Cerebral cortex

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awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory, and understanding

cerebral cortex

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allow voluntary muscle movement

have large neurons called pyramidal cells

located in the precentral gyri

all muscles of the body can map back to this cortex

pimary motor cortex

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left primary motor gyrus controls muscles in right side of the body and vice verse

contralateral

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controls learned, repetitious, patterned motor skills

controls simultaneous or sequential actions

controls voluntary action that depends on sensory feedback

located anteriorly to the precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

premotor cortex

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the motor area that controls speech and muscles of speech

active in planning speech

inferior and anterior to premotor cortex (frontal lobe)

brocas area

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controls voluntary eye movements

located anteriorly to the premotor cortex (frontal lobe)

frontal eye field`

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receives general sensory information from somatic (sensory) receptors in the skin and proprioceptors (position sense rec.) in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons

locating postcentral gyri of the parietal lobe

involved in spatial discrimination

primary somatosensory cortex

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identification of body region being stimulated

spatial discrimination

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integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex for understanding object (determine size, shape, etc.)

located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

somatosensory association cortex

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uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, movement)

ex: ability to recognize a face

entire anterior half of the occipital lobe and surrounds primary visual cortex

visual association area

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recieves visual info from retinas

located on extreme posterior tip of occiptal lobe

primary visual cortex

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interprets audio from inner ear (loudness+location) superior margins of temporal lobes

primary auditory cortex

stores memories of sound and permits perception of sound stimulus posterior to primary auditory cortex

auditory association are

responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space) posterior part of insula + adjacent to parietal cortex

vestibular cortex

allows for conscious awareness of odors afferent fibers from smell receptors in nasal cavity send impulse along the olfactory tracts that are relayed to olfactory cortices located in the medial aspect of temporal lobes in the piriform lobe

olfactory complex

region involved in percieving taste stimuli located in the insula deep to the temporal lobe

gustatory cortex

involved in conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach,full bladder) cortex of insula posterior to the gustatory cortex

visceral sensory area

receives input from. multiple sensory areas sends output to multiple areas allows us to give meaning to information, store it in memory, decide one actions divided into 3 parts

multimodal association areas

involved with intellect cognition, recall, personality wokring memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning development depends on social feedback from social environment

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

recognizes patterns and faces and localizing us in space understanding written and spoken language (wernickes area) large region in temporal, periatal and occiptal lobes

posterior association area

involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus emotional impact that makes important to us + helps establish those memories

limbic association area

division of labor between hemispheres

laterlization

refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language

cerebral dominance

horizontal running fibers that connects different parts of the same hemisphere

association fibers

vertical fibers the connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

projection fibers

horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres

commisural fibers

group of subcortical structures found in the white matter of each hemisphere caudate, putamen, globus palladus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra they form part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems functions in muscle movements, play role in cognition and emotion, filter out incorrect responses, inhibits antagonistic movement

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

includes all part of the cerebrum that receive olfactory signals

rhinencephalon

a striatum includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

PROsenceaphalon (forebrain) MESencephalon (midbrain) ROMBencephalon (hindbrain)

primary brain vesicles

TELEncephalon DIencephalon MESencephalon METencephalon MYELencephalon

secondary brain vesicles

contains the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclie)

cerebrum

canal region in cerebrum

lateral vesicle

consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

diancephalon

canal region in diencephalon

third ventrical

contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

brain stem

canal regions of brain stem

cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle

ventricle in cerebellum

fourth ventricle

canal in spinal cord

central canal

putamen and caudate

the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

the main output of the basal ganglia

3 paired gray matter structures superior part of walls is thalamus inferior part of walls and floor is hypothalamus

diancephalon

the relay station of the brain. filters and edits sensory information that want to go to the cerebral cortex acts as a relay station for information coming to cortex receives afferent signals and acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousing, learning, and memory

thalamus

contains mammillary bodies (olfactory relay station) chief function is to maintain homeostasis throughout the body controls: ANS, pituitary gland releases hormones, regulation of body temp, food intake, water balance, sleep wake cycles forms cap over brain stem and is located below thalamus

hypothalamus

contains the pineal gland that secrete melatonin and regulates sleep wake cycle

epithalamus

consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata involved in transmitting sensory information to other brain areas

brain stem

cerebral peduncles (clusters of sensory fibers) corpora quadrigemina(eye+head movement), and cerebral aqueduct (connect 3rd vent to 4th) located inbetween diancephalon and pons

midbrain

carries sensory info to the cerebellum pneumotaxic and apneustic areas help control breathing

pons

regulates heart rate(cardiovascular center), blood pressure, breathing(respiratory center), and much more includes hypoglossal nerve (controls muscles of the tongue for speech BOTH) blends into spinal cord at foramen magnum

medulla oblongota

plays major role in balance and _fine tuning_ motor activies 2 hemispheres connected by vermis contains grey cortex of gray matter and treelike patterns of white matter called arbor vitae

cerebellum

mediates emotional response-emotional brain involved in memory processing^

limbic system

maintains cerebral cortical alertness filters out repetitive stimuli helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

reticular formation

disorders with phsyical symptoms from emotional causes

psychosomatic illnesses

area that understand language

wernickes area

region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech

wernickes area

working memory that temporarily hold information changes in neuron activity

short term memory

physical changes in neuronal structure develops over time

long term memory

(4Hz or less) high amplitude waves seen during deep sleep

delta waves (sleep)

temporary loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow. fainting or passing out

syncopy

skeletal muscles (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most dreaming occurs

REM sleep

anterograde amnesia

unable to make new memories

retrograde amnesia

unable to recall old memories

a TBI that causes headaches, problems with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination

Concussion

an injury that causes blood to collect under the skin

contusion

strongest meninx and the most superficial 2 layer: periosteal and meningeal

dura mater

middle meningeal a loose brain covering

arachnoid mater

delicate connective meninge that has tiny blood vessels

pia mater

condition in which blood flow and thus oxygen is restricted in a part of the body

ischemia

action of nerves crossing in an x

decussation

controls muscles of tongue during speech and swallowing underside of tongue Both, primarily motor

Hypoglossal nerve

controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles controls swallowing

accessory nerve

visceral control including cardiac muscle and smooth muscle controls secretion digestive fluid

vagus nerve

somatic sensations and taste on posterior ⅓ of tongue lifts throat during swallowing secretion of parotid gland

Glossopharyngeal nerve

hearing and balance cochlear bran begins in medulla vestibular branch begings in pons

vestibulocochlear

motor: -facial muscles -salivary, mucous glands and tears sensory: taste buds on anterior ⅔ of tongue

facial nerve

lateral rectus rectus eye muscles

abducens

motor: muscles of mastication (mandible) sensory: receptors of the face (3 branches)

trigeminal nerve

clusters of sensory and motor nerves

cerebral peduncles

superior coordinates eye movement coordinates head movement

corproa quadregemina superior colliculi inferior colliculi

superior oblique eye muscle

trochlear nerve

raises eyelid - 4 extrinsic eye muscles - 2 intrinsic eye muscles

oculomotor nerve

alerts cerebral cortex to alarming stimuli maintains consciousness and keeps you awake from ear, eye, and skin stimuli

reticular formation

gray matter overlying white gyri and grooves longitudinal fissures separate left and right hemispheres corporus callosum connects both hemispheres

cerebrum

initial processing of visual input is located in

occipital lobe

integration of all sensory input

temporal

somatosensory processing is done in the

parietal lobe

voluntary motors activity, speaking ability, and elaboration is in the

frontal lobe

connects to retina supplying vision

optic nerve

sense of smell nerve

olfactory nerves