Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System

Question 1

specialized to respond to changes in the environment
-Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

Answer 1

Sensory Receptors

Question 2

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Answer 2

Mechanoreceptors

Question 3

sensitive to changes in temperature

Answer 3

thermoreceptors

Question 4

respond to light energy (ex: retina)

Answer 4

photoreceptors

Question 5

respond to chemical (ex: smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

Answer 5

chemoreceptors

Question 6

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (ex: extreme heat or cold, pressure)

Answer 6

nociceptors

Question 7

responds to stimuli arising outside of body

• receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temp
• most special sense organs

Answer 7

extereceptors

Question 8

responds to stimuli arising in internal viscera + blood vessels

• sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, temp changes
• person is usually unaware of the changes, sometimes feels discomfort

Answer 8

interoceptors

Question 9

tells us our body positions

• respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles
• informs brains of ones movement

Answer 9

proprioceptors

Question 10

found throughout the body and monitor most sensory(tactile) information

Have either 1. Nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings or 2. Encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 10

simple receptors of the general senses

Question 11

vision, hearing , equilibrium, smell, and taste

-all houses in complex, sense organs

Answer 11

receptors for special senses

Question 12

1. receptor level: sensory receptors
2. circuit level: processing in ascending pathways
3. perpetual level: processing in cortical sensory areas

Answer 12

levels of neural integration in sensory system

Question 13

change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

Answer 13

adaptation

Question 14

sends signals at the beginning or end of stimulus

ex: receptors for pressure, touch, smell (leaning against a wall or putting clothes on)

Answer 14

Phasic receptors (fast adapting)

Question 15

important in sending constant signals to make aware of pain or uncomfortableness

ex: nociceptors and most propioceptors

Answer 15

tonic receptors (slow adapting or not at all)

Question 16

sensory info interpreted in the cerebral cortex

Answer 16

processing at the perceptual level

Question 17

cordlike organ of PNS

bundle of myelinated or nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

2 types cranial or spinal

Answer 17

Nerve

Question 18

outside layer of tough fibrous sheath that encloses all fascicles to form nerve

Answer 18

epineurium

Question 19

coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

Answer 19

perineurium

Question 20

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths (Schwann cells)

Answer 20

endoneurium

Question 21

impulses move towards CNS

Answer 21

Sensory (afferent) nerves

Question 22

impulses only away from CNS

Answer 22

motor (efferent) nerves

Question 23

mnemonic for cranial nerves

Answer 23

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Question 24

sensory(smell) can afferent impulses for sense of smell

Answer 24

I. olfactory nerves

Question 25

sensory(vision) can afferent impulses for vision

Answer 25

II. optic nerve

Question 26

motor, 4/6 of eye muscles

Answer 26

III. oculomotor nerves

Question 27

motor, very top of eye muscles(pulley)

Answer 27

IV. trochlear nerves

Question 28

both sensory and motor, includes branches of mandible, maxilla, and opthalmic

Answer 28

V. trigeminal nerves

Question 29

motor, supplies muscle movement to later rectus

Answer 29

VI. Abducens nerves

Question 30

sensory and motor (facial expressions)

Answer 30

VII. facial nerve

Question 31

sensory (hearing and balance)

Answer 31

VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 32

sensory (taste) and motor (tongue and throat)

Answer 32

IV. glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 33

sensory (taste) and motor (heart, lungs liver, stomach, kidney, parasympathetic)

Answer 33

X. Vagus nerve

Question 34

motor (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius control)

Answer 34

XI. accessory nerve

Question 35

motor (tongue movement)

Answer 35

hypoglossal nerve

Question 36

involuntary, predictable response to stimulus

ex: maintain posture, control visceral activates

can be modified by learning and conscious effort

Answer 36

Inborn (intrinsic) reflex: rapid

Question 37

results from practice or repetition

ex: driving skills

Answer 37

Learned(acquired) reflexes

Question 38

occur without direct involvement of higher brain center

brain is still advised reflex activity

Answer 38

spinal reflex

Question 39

used to determine the condition of nervous system

stretch flexor, superficial reflexes

Answer 39

reflex assessments

Question 40

to smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding:

length of muscle

amount of tension sent from tendon organs

Answer 40

stretch and tendon reflexes

Question 41

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 41

ganglia

Question 42

bundles of neuron processes peripheral nervous systems

Answer 42

nerves

Question 43

receptive (input) region of neurons

Answer 43

dendrites

Question 44

excitable cells that emit a electrical signal

Answer 44

neurons

Question 45

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Answer 45

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