Chapter 8 Disorders

Question 1

Anencephaly

Answer 1

Formation of under-developed brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
Occurs when cranial end of neural tube remains open, forebrain doesn’t develop

Question 2

Arnold-chiari type I

Answer 2

Deformity of the hindbrain
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum into vertebral canal

Question 3

Hydrocephalus

Answer 3

Excess amount of CSF within ventricles

Question 4

Arnold-chiari type II

Answer 4

Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum
Leads to extension of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum
Cranial nerves 6,7,8 adversely affected

Question 5

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 5

Neural tube defect results when inferior neuropore doesn’t close

Question 6

Spine bifida apperta

Answer 6

Meninges and sometimes spinal cord protrude through posterior opening in vertebrae
3 types: Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Myeloschisis

Question 7

Meningocele

Answer 7

Protrusion of meninges through bony defect

Question 8

Myelomeningocele

Answer 8

Neural tissue and meninges protrude outside the body

Question 9

Myeloschisis

Answer 9

Malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body

Question 10

Tethered spinal cord

Answer 10

End of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebra tethering the spinal cord to the bone

Question 11

Exposure to alcohol/cocaine in Utero

Answer 11

Groove above upper lip, thin upper lip, short vertical space between eyelids
Malformation of cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, corpus callosum, neuralgia, and neural tube

Question 12

Heterotopia

Answer 12

Displacement of gray matter

Question 13

Cerebral palsy

Answer 13

Movement and postural disorder caused by abnormal brain development, or permanent nonprogressive damage to developing brain

Question 14

Hypotonic cp

Answer 14

Very low muscle tone → floppy

Question 15

Spastic cp

Answer 15

Stiffer than normal
Less resistance to slow stretch, more to fast stretch

Question 16

Hypotonia

Answer 16

Weak muscle tone
Lower than normal resistance to pass of stretch

Question 17

Hypertonia

Answer 17

Muscle overactivity _ stiff
Abnormally strong resistance to passive stretch

Question 18

Hemiplegia

Answer 18

Affects both limbs on one side of the body

Question 19

Terraplegia

Answer 19

Affects all four limbs equally

Question 20

Diplegia

Answer 20

Upper limbs are less severely affected than lower limbs

Question 21

Dyskinetic cp

Answer 21

Muscle tone fluctuates from hypotonia to hypertonia

Question 22

Mixed type cp

Answer 22

Spasticity and dyskinesias coexist together

Question 23

Ataxic type cp

Answer 23

Incoordination and shaking during voluntary movement

Question 24

Shaken baby syndrome

Answer 24

Trauma from brain striking the skull repeatedly
Cerebral edema may cause HC to increase

Question 25

Developmental coordination disorder

Answer 25

Diagnosis requires that motor learning And coordination are below Norm for individuals chronological age Motor skill difficulties interfere with activities

Question 26

ADHD

Answer 26

Characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and motor restlessness. Reduce the volume of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, putamen, and cerebellum Inadequate myelination of axons

Question 27

Autism

Answer 27

Impaired social skills, repetitive behavior, limited interests, and abnormal reactions to sensations Abnormal cell arrangements in the cerebral cortex, abnormal connections among cerebral cortices, increased gray matter in frontal and temporal cortices, Larger amygdala in childhood