Chapter 8 Disorders Flashcards
Anencephaly
Formation of under-developed brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
Occurs when cranial end of neural tube remains open, forebrain doesn’t develop
Arnold-chiari type I
Deformity of the hindbrain
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum into vertebral canal
Hydrocephalus
Excess amount of CSF within ventricles
Arnold-chiari type II
Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum
Leads to extension of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum
Cranial nerves 6,7,8 adversely affected
Spina bifida occulta
Neural tube defect results when inferior neuropore doesn’t close
Spine bifida apperta
Meninges and sometimes spinal cord protrude through posterior opening in vertebrae
3 types: Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Myeloschisis
Meningocele
Protrusion of meninges through bony defect
Myelomeningocele
Neural tissue and meninges protrude outside the body
Myeloschisis
Malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body
Tethered spinal cord
End of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebra tethering the spinal cord to the bone
Exposure to alcohol/cocaine in Utero
Groove above upper lip, thin upper lip, short vertical space between eyelids
Malformation of cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, corpus callosum, neuralgia, and neural tube
Heterotopia
Displacement of gray matter
Cerebral palsy
Movement and postural disorder caused by abnormal brain development, or permanent nonprogressive damage to developing brain
Hypotonic cp
Very low muscle tone → floppy
Spastic cp
Stiffer than normal
Less resistance to slow stretch, more to fast stretch
Hypotonia
Weak muscle tone
Lower than normal resistance to pass of stretch
Hypertonia
Muscle overactivity _ stiff
Abnormally strong resistance to passive stretch
Hemiplegia
Affects both limbs on one side of the body
Terraplegia
Affects all four limbs equally
Diplegia
Upper limbs are less severely affected than lower limbs
Dyskinetic cp
Muscle tone fluctuates from hypotonia to hypertonia
Mixed type cp
Spasticity and dyskinesias coexist together
Ataxic type cp
Incoordination and shaking during voluntary movement
Shaken baby syndrome
Trauma from brain striking the skull repeatedly
Cerebral edema may cause HC to increase
Developmental coordination disorder
Diagnosis requires that motor learning And coordination are below Norm for individuals chronological age
Motor skill difficulties interfere with activities
ADHD
Characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and motor restlessness.
Reduce the volume of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, putamen, and cerebellum
Inadequate myelination of axons
Autism
Impaired social skills, repetitive behavior, limited interests, and abnormal reactions to sensations
Abnormal cell arrangements in the cerebral cortex, abnormal connections among cerebral cortices, increased gray matter in frontal and temporal cortices, Larger amygdala in childhood
