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Neuroscience > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic terminal’s

A

Axons end in presynaptic terminal’s
Projections that are transmitting elements of the neuron

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2
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Tiny space found at the synapse between presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

A mechanism by which cargo is more quickly carried along microtubules within the axon by transport proteins
Occurs in two directions anterograde and retrograde

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4
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Moves proteins mRNA and organelles from the soma to the presynaptic terminal

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5
Q

Kinesins

A

Use ATP to carry cargo in the Antero grade direction

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6
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Moves substances from the presynaptic terminal back to the soma

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7
Q

Dyneins

A

Use ATP to carry cargo in the retrograde direction

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8
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Have multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell body and a single axon
Most common type
Specialize to receive and accommodate huge amounts of synaptic input to their dendrites
Ex. Spinal motor neuron
Purkinje cells

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9
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have 1 dendritic root and axon processes that extend from the cell body
Ex. Retinal bipolar cell in the eye
Olfactory receptor neurons in nasal epithelium

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10
Q

Pseudo unipolar neurons

A

Have 2 axons and no true dendrites
Ex. Sensory neurons
Bring information from the body into the spinal cord


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11
Q

Membrane serves as a

A

Barrier that separates the interior of the neuron from the extracellular space

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12
Q

Principle of diffusion

A

Ions want to move down there concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

K+ wants to

A

Move out of the neuron

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14
Q

Interior of the neuron

A

Negatively charged

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15
Q

Electrically attracted to the interior of the neuron

A

Sodium potassium and calcium

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16
Q

Electrically attracted to the extracellular space

A

Cl-

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17
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Interplay between its concentration gradient an electrical gradient
This determines which direction and ion wants to move across the membrane

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18
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

Open in response to a neural transmitter binding to its binding pocket on the channel
Ex. Lock and key

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19
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Open in response to changes in electrical potential across the membrane
Open almost instantaneously and close as quickly

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20
Q

Modality gated channels

A

Specific to sensory neurons
Open in response to mechanical forces ex. Stretch, touch, pressure, temperature 

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21
Q

Leak channels

A

Do not have a gate
Always open allow small Number of ions through the membrane at a slow continuous rate
Mainly K+ channels

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22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

A steady state condition with no net flow of ions across the membrane
-70mV
Maintained by Sodium potassium pump, Passive diffusion of ions through leak channels, Anions trapped inside the neuron

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23
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Uses energy from ATP to actively move across the membrane against their electrochemical gradient
Carries 2 K+ ions back into the neuron and 3 Na+ ions out of the neuron

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24
Q

Depolarized

A

When the potential becomes less negative (More positive) than the resting potential

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25
Hyperpolarized
The potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
26
Local potential
Initial change in membrane potential Can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing Categorized as receptor potential‘s or synaptic potential‘s
27
Receptor potential’s
Most are depolarizing Generated when modality gated or ligand gated channels are opened as a result of stretch compression deformation or exposure to thermal or chemical agents
28
Synaptic potentials
 graded in both amplitude and duration
29
Temporal summation
Combined effect of a series of local potential changes that occur within milliseconds of each other in the SAME location on the postsynaptic membrane
30
Spatial summation
Local potential is generated at adjacent regions of the neuron occur within milliseconds of each other and are added together
31
Action potentials
Large depolarizing signal that is actively propagated along an axon by repeated generation of a signal All or none Essential for rapid movement of information over long distances
32
Generation of action potential’s involves
Sudden influx of Na+ through voltage gated channels in specialized regions of neurons
33
Trigger zone
In sensory neurons Region closest to the soma with a high density of voltage gated sodium channels
34
Axon hillock
In multipolar neurons High density of voltage gated Na+ channels
35
Threshold for voltage gated Na+ channels
-55mV
36
Voltage gated K+ Channel threshold
-20mV Do not start opening until the action potential is about halfway to its peak
37
At the peak of the action potential
Na+ has stopped entering the neuron due to closing of voltage gated Na channels and K+ is leaving the neuron due to the opening a voltage gated K+ channels
38
Absolute refractory period
The membrane is unresponsive to stimuli
39
Relative refractory period
Membrane potential is still more negative than the resting membrane potential A stronger stimulus the normal is required to reach the threshold for voltagegated sodium channel activation
40
Ionic gradients are restored overtime by
Na+/K+ pump
41
Faster conducting axons have
Increase diameter of the axon Myelination
42
Nodes of Ranvier
Unmyelinated patches of axon
43
Saltatory conduction
Action potential jumps from node to node
44
Afferent neurons
Carrie sensory information from the body towards the CNS
45
Efferent neurons
Relay commands from the CNS to muscles and glands of the body
46
Interneurons
Largest class of neurons Process information locally or convey information short distances
47
Convergence
The process by which multiple inputs from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron Ex. Information from hearing vision and touch
48
Divergence
The process where a single axon may have branches that terminate on a multitude of cells Ex. Signal of information from a pin prick
49
Glial cells (glue)
Critical support network for neurons 3 functions : Myelinating, signaling, cleaning, nourishing, and defending
50
Oligodendrocytes
Form Myelin Found in the CNS
51
Schwann cells
For Myelin Found in the PNS Act as phagocytes Provide tropic factors for a pair of axons
52
Astrocytes
Star shaped cells found throughout the CNS Directly signal with neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and other astrocytes Regulate the extracellular fluid by controlling level of ions, Neuro transmitters, and waste products Do not generate action potentials or use synopses Essential and cleaning the CNS Essential for regulating nutrients transport to neurons Fill the communication gap between the neuron and vasculature Components of the blood brain barrier
53
Blood brain barrier
Selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from extracellular fluid of the brain Formed by tight junctions Only lipid soluble molecules can pass into the brain Essential for preventing toxins in pathogens from contacting neurons
54
Microglial cells
Function as phagocytes The immune system of the CNS and clean the neural environments Activated following injury, infection, disease Clean up and remove debris from the dying cells Essential for normal healing
55
Satellite cells
Thin glial cells that regulate the extracellular environment Found only in the dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia
56
Ependymal cells
Glial cells that line the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord Involved with production, regulation, movement of cerebral spinal fluid
57
Neuroinflammation
The response of the CNS to infection, disease, injury Responses mediated by reactive microglia and astrocytes
58
Peripheral neuropathy
Pathologic change involving peripheral nerves
59
Guillain barre syndrome
Auto immune disease that involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers Affects PNS Immune system produces an antibody that mistakenly cross reacts with proteins contained within the Mylan sheath Occurs one to two weeks after mild infection, Typically preceded by a respiratory or GI infection
60
Guilliane barre syndrome symptoms
Decreased sensation and skeletal muscle paralysis Difficulty with chewing swallowing speaking and facial expressions Hypersensitivity to touch Changes in vowel, bladder, cardiac, respiratory function CN 9, 10, 11, 12 Symptoms typically have rapid onset followed by plateaued and gradual recovery Severe fatigue after recovery Treatments : Plasma pheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
61
Plasma pheresis
Process of filtering the blood plasma to remove the circulating antibodies responsible for attacking the Schwann cells
62
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
Healthy antibodies given to someone with antibody deficiency reduces inflammation
63
Plaques
Regions of demyelination in the CNS
64
Multiple sclerosis
Auto immune demyelinating disease where antibodies attack oligodendrocytes in the CNS Diagnosis may be difficult because symptoms disappear and reappear
65
Multiple sclerosis symptoms
Weakness, lack of coordination, impaired vision, double vision, impaired sensation, slurred speech, disruption of memory emotions cognition and attention, tingling numbness and pins and needles Bladder disorders and sexual impotence, Genital anesthesia
66
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation of pins and needles
67
Relapsing/remitting MS
Begins with alternating relapses and remissions
68
Secondary progressive MS
Continuous neurologic decline with few or no remission
69
Primary progressive MS
Study functional decline from the time of onset
70
Progressive relapsing MS
Begins with study functional decline and super imposed relapses and partial remission
71
Ischemic
Loss of blood supply
72
Ischemic stroke
Blood supply is disrupted, hypoxia occurs
73
Thrombus
Clot Blocks an artery leading to a CVA
74
Infarct
Tissue damage cell death
75
Hemorrhagic stroke
Vessel will burst and cause bleeding Causes tissue death
76
Excitoxicity
Excessive glutamate release causes death of neurons due to overstimulation Epilepsy

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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