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Neuroscience > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic terminal’s

A

Axons end in presynaptic terminal’s
Projections that are transmitting elements of the neuron

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2
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Tiny space found at the synapse between presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

A mechanism by which cargo is more quickly carried along microtubules within the axon by transport proteins
Occurs in two directions anterograde and retrograde

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4
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Moves proteins mRNA and organelles from the soma to the presynaptic terminal

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5
Q

Kinesins

A

Use ATP to carry cargo in the Antero grade direction

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6
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Moves substances from the presynaptic terminal back to the soma

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7
Q

Dyneins

A

Use ATP to carry cargo in the retrograde direction

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8
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Have multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell body and a single axon
Most common type
Specialize to receive and accommodate huge amounts of synaptic input to their dendrites
Ex. Spinal motor neuron
Purkinje cells

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9
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have 1 dendritic root and axon processes that extend from the cell body
Ex. Retinal bipolar cell in the eye
Olfactory receptor neurons in nasal epithelium

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10
Q

Pseudo unipolar neurons

A

Have 2 axons and no true dendrites
Ex. Sensory neurons
Bring information from the body into the spinal cord


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11
Q

Membrane serves as a

A

Barrier that separates the interior of the neuron from the extracellular space

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12
Q

Principle of diffusion

A

Ions want to move down there concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

K+ wants to

A

Move out of the neuron

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14
Q

Interior of the neuron

A

Negatively charged

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15
Q

Electrically attracted to the interior of the neuron

A

Sodium potassium and calcium

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16
Q

Electrically attracted to the extracellular space

A

Cl-

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17
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Interplay between its concentration gradient an electrical gradient
This determines which direction and ion wants to move across the membrane

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18
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

Open in response to a neural transmitter binding to its binding pocket on the channel
Ex. Lock and key

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19
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Open in response to changes in electrical potential across the membrane
Open almost instantaneously and close as quickly

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20
Q

Modality gated channels

A

Specific to sensory neurons
Open in response to mechanical forces ex. Stretch, touch, pressure, temperature 

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21
Q

Leak channels

A

Do not have a gate
Always open allow small Number of ions through the membrane at a slow continuous rate
Mainly K+ channels

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22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

A steady state condition with no net flow of ions across the membrane
-70mV
Maintained by Sodium potassium pump, Passive diffusion of ions through leak channels, Anions trapped inside the neuron

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23
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Uses energy from ATP to actively move across the membrane against their electrochemical gradient
Carries 2 K+ ions back into the neuron and 3 Na+ ions out of the neuron

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24
Q

Depolarized

A

When the potential becomes less negative (More positive) than the resting potential

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25
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

The potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

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26
Q

Local potential

A

Initial change in membrane potential
Can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
Categorized as receptor potential‘s or synaptic potential‘s

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27
Q

Receptor potential’s

A

Most are depolarizing
Generated when modality gated or ligand gated channels are opened as a result of stretch compression deformation or exposure to thermal or chemical agents

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28
Q

Synaptic potentials

A

 graded in both amplitude and duration

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29
Q

Temporal summation

A

Combined effect of a series of local potential changes that occur within milliseconds of each other in the SAME location on the postsynaptic membrane

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30
Q

Spatial summation

A

Local potential is generated at adjacent regions of the neuron occur within milliseconds of each other and are added together

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31
Q

Action potentials

A

Large depolarizing signal that is actively propagated along an axon by repeated generation of a signal
All or none
Essential for rapid movement of information over long distances

32
Q

Generation of action potential’s involves

A

Sudden influx of Na+ through voltage gated channels in specialized regions of neurons

33
Q

Trigger zone

A

In sensory neurons
Region closest to the soma with a high density of voltage gated sodium channels

34
Q

Axon hillock

A

In multipolar neurons
High density of voltage gated Na+ channels

35
Q

Threshold for voltage gated Na+ channels

A

-55mV

36
Q

Voltage gated K+ Channel threshold

A

-20mV
Do not start opening until the action potential is about halfway to its peak

37
Q

At the peak of the action potential

A

Na+ has stopped entering the neuron due to closing of voltage gated Na channels and K+ is leaving the neuron due to the opening a voltage gated K+ channels

38
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The membrane is unresponsive to stimuli

39
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Membrane potential is still more negative than the resting membrane potential
A stronger stimulus the normal is required to reach the threshold for voltagegated sodium channel activation

40
Q

Ionic gradients are restored overtime by

A

Na+/K+ pump

41
Q

Faster conducting axons have

A

Increase diameter of the axon
Myelination

42
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Unmyelinated patches of axon

43
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential jumps from node to node

44
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Carrie sensory information from the body towards the CNS

45
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Relay commands from the CNS to muscles and glands of the body

46
Q

Interneurons

A

Largest class of neurons
Process information locally or convey information short distances

47
Q

Convergence

A

The process by which multiple inputs from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron
Ex. Information from hearing vision and touch

48
Q

Divergence

A

The process where a single axon may have branches that terminate on a multitude of cells
Ex. Signal of information from a pin prick

49
Q

Glial cells (glue)

A

Critical support network for neurons
3 functions : Myelinating, signaling, cleaning, nourishing, and defending

50
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form Myelin
Found in the CNS

51
Q

Schwann cells

A

For Myelin
Found in the PNS
Act as phagocytes
Provide tropic factors for a pair of axons

52
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped cells found throughout the CNS
Directly signal with neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and other astrocytes
Regulate the extracellular fluid by controlling level of ions, Neuro transmitters, and waste products
Do not generate action potentials or use synopses
Essential and cleaning the CNS
Essential for regulating nutrients transport to neurons
Fill the communication gap between the neuron and vasculature
Components of the blood brain barrier

53
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from extracellular fluid of the brain
Formed by tight junctions
Only lipid soluble molecules can pass into the brain
Essential for preventing toxins in pathogens from contacting neurons

54
Q

Microglial cells

A

Function as phagocytes
The immune system of the CNS and clean the neural environments
Activated following injury, infection, disease
Clean up and remove debris from the dying cells
Essential for normal healing

55
Q

Satellite cells

A

Thin glial cells that regulate the extracellular environment
Found only in the dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia

56
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cells that line the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
Involved with production, regulation, movement of cerebral spinal fluid

57
Q

Neuroinflammation

A

The response of the CNS to infection, disease, injury
Responses mediated by reactive microglia and astrocytes

58
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Pathologic change involving peripheral nerves

59
Q

Guillain barre syndrome

A

Auto immune disease that involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers
Affects PNS
Immune system produces an antibody that mistakenly cross reacts with proteins contained within the Mylan sheath
Occurs one to two weeks after mild infection, Typically preceded by a respiratory or GI infection

60
Q

Guilliane barre syndrome symptoms

A

Decreased sensation and skeletal muscle paralysis
Difficulty with chewing swallowing speaking and facial expressions
Hypersensitivity to touch
Changes in vowel, bladder, cardiac, respiratory function
CN 9, 10, 11, 12
Symptoms typically have rapid onset followed by plateaued and gradual recovery
Severe fatigue after recovery
Treatments : Plasma pheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

61
Q

Plasma pheresis

A

Process of filtering the blood plasma to remove the circulating antibodies responsible for attacking the Schwann cells

62
Q

Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

A

Healthy antibodies given to someone with antibody deficiency
reduces inflammation

63
Q

Plaques

A

Regions of demyelination in the CNS

64
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Auto immune demyelinating disease where antibodies attack oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Diagnosis may be difficult because symptoms disappear and reappear

65
Q

Multiple sclerosis symptoms

A

Weakness, lack of coordination, impaired vision, double vision, impaired sensation, slurred speech, disruption of memory emotions cognition and attention, tingling numbness and pins and needles
Bladder disorders and sexual impotence, Genital anesthesia

66
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation of pins and needles

67
Q

Relapsing/remitting MS

A

Begins with alternating relapses and remissions

68
Q

Secondary progressive MS

A

Continuous neurologic decline with few or no remission

69
Q

Primary progressive MS

A

Study functional decline from the time of onset

70
Q

Progressive relapsing MS

A

Begins with study functional decline and super imposed relapses and partial remission

71
Q

Ischemic

A

Loss of blood supply

72
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Blood supply is disrupted, hypoxia occurs

73
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot
Blocks an artery leading to a CVA

74
Q

Infarct

A

Tissue damage cell death

75
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Vessel will burst and cause bleeding
Causes tissue death

76
Q

Excitoxicity

A

Excessive glutamate release causes death of neurons due to overstimulation
Epilepsy

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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