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Neuroscience > Chapter 16 Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia function

A

goal-directed behavior, social behavior, and emotions, in addition to motor control
turn off motor programs that interfere with desired movements

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2
Q

striatum

A

cuadate and putamen

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3
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

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4
Q

Prosaccades

A

fast eye movements to direct attention toward an object
saccade: rapid eye movement
pro: towards an object

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5
Q

antisaccades

A

fast movements away from an object
result of more complex interactions and require inhibition of prosaccade reflex

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6
Q

Oculomotor Circuit

A

makes decisions about spatial attention and eye movements
determining whether to use fast eye movements to direct attention toward an object
body of caudate

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7
Q

Motor Circuit

A

regulates skeletal muscle contraction, muscle force, multijoint movements, and sequencing of movements
includes: cerebral cortex motor areas, substantia nigra compacta, putamen, EPG, IPG, subthalamic nucleus and motor thalamus

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8
Q

disinhibition

A

occurs when another neuron inhibits the inhibitory neuron, allowing increasing activity in the target neuron

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9
Q

There is no direct communication between

A

Basal Ganglia and LMN
Cerebellum and LMN

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10
Q

Stop, Go, and No-Go Pathways

A

all happen at the same time
normal movement requires all 3 of them

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11
Q

Stop Pathway (Hyperdirect)

A

suppression of voluntary movement (stop drinking)
powerful inhibition of motor thalamus
Fastest Pathway
Cerebral Cortex → excites STN → STN excites IGP → IGP inhibits motor thalamus

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12
Q

Go Pathway (Direct)

A

facilitates specific movements (reach for cookie)
Substantia Nigra D1 → Putamen → inhibits IGP → IGP inhibits motor thalamus → motor thalamus excites motor areas of cortex

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13
Q

No-Go Pathway (Indirect)

A

suppression of unwanted movements (do not abduct shoulder)
Substantia Nigra D2 → Putamen → inhibit EGP → EGP inhibits STN →STN excites IGP → IGP inhibits motor thalamus

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters of the 3 pathways

A

Glutamate is excitatory
GABA is inhibitory

(Acetylcholine is excitatory)

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15
Q

Substantia Nigra supplies motor circuit with

A

Dopamine
D1 is excitatory (excites inhibitory neurons in Go)
D2 is inhibitory (inhibits neurons from putamen)

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16
Q

Voluntary muscle activity via

A

IGP →Motor Thalamus uses Glu to corticospinal tracts

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17
Q

Postural and girdle muscle activity via

A

IGP →Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) uses GABA via reticulospinal tracts

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18
Q

Walking via

A

IGP →Midbrain locomotor region (MLR) uses ACh via reticulospinal tracts

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19
Q

Hypokinetic Disorders

A

too little movement
Parkinson’s
Secondary Parkinson’s

20
Q

Hyperkinetic Disorder

A

excessive movement
Huntington’s
Dystonia
Tourette’s
Dyskinetic CP

21
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

most common
affects voluntary and automatic movements
affecting upper body with rigidity and/or resting tremor
2 types: Postural Instability Gait Difficulty PIGD
and Tremor Dominant (akinetic/rigid type)
can shift from one to another

22
Q

Postural Instability Gait Difficulty PIGD

A

Rigidity of trunk, freezing of gait FOG, resting tremor/action tremor, dementia, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, festinating gait (body leans forward and takes very small steps), falling is big risk, retropulsion (pushing back on chair when standing up leads to falling), akinesia/hypokinesia/bradykinesia

23
Q

Akinesia

A

the absence of movement

24
Q

Hypokinesia

A

loss of automatic movements, including facial expression and normal arm swing during walking

25
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

26
Q

Rigidity

A

increased resistance to movement in both flexor and extensor muscles

27
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

rigidity experienced by people with Parkinson’s
move joint passively through its range, the motion catches and releases as if the joint contained a cogwheel and lever

28
Q

Freezing of gait (FOG)

A

movement abruptly stops due to visual block
doorway or chair

29
Q

Resting Tremor

A

involuntary, rhythmic shaking movements of the limbs produced by contractions of antagonist muscles
4-6 tremors per second

30
Q

Action Tremor

A

involuntary, rhythmic shaking during voluntary movement
due to cerebellar dysfunction or parkinson’s
faster, 5-8 tremors per second

31
Q

Parkinson’s dementia

A

social impairment, emotional/motivation impairment, and autonomic dysfunction.
deterioration of intellectual function
interferes with ability to plan, maintain goal direction, and make decisions

32
Q

Apathy

A

loss of interest, emotion, and motivation

33
Q

Pathology in Parkinson’s

A

death of DA-producing cells in the substantia nigra compacta and GABA producing cells in the PPN

34
Q

Treatments for Parkinson’s

A

drug therapy that replaces DA with Ldopa
OT, PT, moderate-high intensity cardio
Invasive procedures : deep brain stimulation, destructive surgery (Thalamotomy and Pallidotomy), neuronal transplant
LSVT BIG

35
Q

Secondary Parkinsonism

A

symptoms that mimic Parkinsons
origin is due to trauma, toxic, infections, drugs
lesions of lentiform nucleus

36
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

type of secondary parkinsonism
Parkinson-like signs, disordered thinking, depression, memory loss, dysfunction of goal-directed behavior, and disinhibition
requires history of head trauma

37
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

chorea/athetosis and dementia, progressive
fatal hereditary disease, excess number of repeats affecting 3 DNA building blocks in Huntington gene, results in protein with excess number of glutamine units
move frequently and forcefully in sleep
goal directed and emotions affected with apathy and depression
no treatments

38
Q

Chorea

A

involuntary jerky rapid movements

39
Q

athetosis

A

slow, squirming, purposeless movements

40
Q

Dystonia

A

involuntary sustained muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or twisting and/or repetitive movements + tremor
increases during activity and emotional stress, goes away with sleep
genetic and nonprogressive

41
Q

Focal Dystonia

A

most common type, limited to one part of the body
ex. spasmodic torticollis

42
Q

Torticollis

A

involuntary, asymmetric contraction of neck muscles causing abnormal position of the head

43
Q

Generalized dystonia

A

causes involuntary twisting postures of the limbs and trunk
begins with inversion and plantarflexion of the foot while walking
often progressive

44
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

A

causes vocal and motor tics
abrupt, repetitive, stereotyped movements
stress, emotional excitement, and fatigue exacerbate tics

45
Q

Dyskinetic CP

A

muscle tone and posture are abnormal and involuntary movements occur
Dystonia causes abnormal posture
involuntary movements are choreoathetosis

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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