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Neuroscience > Chaper 10 > Flashcards

Chaper 10 Flashcards

1
Q

First order neurons

A

bring information from sensory receptors into the spinal cord

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2
Q

Second- order neuron

A

Conveys information between the spinal cord or brainsten to the thalamus

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3
Q

Third-order neuron

A

Conveys in formation from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Cutaneous

A

Sensory information from the skin

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5
Q

Cutaneous sensory information includes

A

Touch, nociception, and temperature

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6
Q

Nociception

A

The perception of tissue damage or potential tissue damage

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7
Q

Proprioception

A

Provides information about the position of your body in space with out the need for visual conformation

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8
Q

Light touch

A

Nonpainful (innocuous) vibration, skin stretch, and skin pressure they communicate
Ex. Feeling of coffee cup slipping out of your hands

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9
Q

Discriminative touch

A

Allows someone to specifically localize where along the skin a stimulus is occurring

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10
Q

Crude touch

A

Provides information that a mechanical stimuli has occurred
Conveyed by free nerve endings

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11
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Respond the entire time a stimulus is present
Ex. Pressure of Holding coffee cup in your hands

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12
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Adapts to a constant stimulus and stop responding wile the stimulus is still present
Ex. Pressure after putting watch on wrist

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal afferents in declining diameter order

A

Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV

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14
Q

Cutaneous afferents in declining diameter order

A

AB, AO, C

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15
Q

Polymodal

A

Small diameter primary afferents (III, IV, AO, and C)

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16
Q

Polymodal function

A

Transit signals from multiple modalities, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

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17
Q

Silent nociceptors

A

Insensitive, become spontaneously active and respond to mechanical stimuli following tissue damage

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18
Q

Peripheral sensitization

A

Increased pain following tissue injury
Nociceptors fire more action potentials in response to a stimulus

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19
Q

Receptive field

A

The area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron
Small distally and large proximally

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20
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by axons that enter the spinal cord through a single dorsal root

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21
Q

Dermatome are used to diagnose

A

a lesion affecting a single nerve root and to determine the sensory level affected by a spinal cord injury

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22
Q

If a lesion occurs in the peripheral nerve

A

Sensory impairment will be in the radial nerve

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23
Q

If a lesion involves a spinal nerve root

A

The sensory impairment will be in the C7 Dermatome

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24
Q

Large afferents (I and II) innervate

A

The muscle spindle

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25
Small afferents (III and IV)
Convey nociceptive information
26
Muscle spindle
Sensory organ in muscle consisting of muscle fibers, sensory endings, and motor endings Embedded in skeletal muscle
27
Intrafusal fibers
Specialized muscle fibers inside the spindle Contractile only at their ends Provide sensation
28
Extrafusal fibers
Ordinary skeletal muscle fibers outside the spindle Larger than intrafusal
29
2 types of intrafusal fibers
Nuclear bag fibers Nuclear chain fibers
30
Nuclear bag fibers
Have a clump of nuclei in the central region
31
Nuclear chain fibers
Have nuclei arranged single file
32
2 types of afferents
Type Ia afferents Type II afferents
33
Type Ia afferents
Wrap around the central region of both nuclear bag and chain fibers Phasic receptors Exhibit maximal discharge during quick stretch of the muscle Very fast
34
Type II Afferents
End mainly on nuclear chain fibers and some bag fibers adjacent to the type Ia afferents Tonic receptors Exhibit sustained firing that is proportional to the amount of stretch placed on the muscle
35
Gamma motor neurons
Maintains sensitivity of the spindle throughout the normal range of muscle lengths Fire, casing the ends of intrafusal fibers to contract
36
Gamma dynamic axons
Innervate the contractile end of nuclear bag fibers to adjust their sensitivity to the velocity of muscle length changes
37
Gamma static axons
Innervates the contractile ends of nuclear chain fibers and some nuclear bag fibers to tune their sensitivity to static muscle stretch
38
Golgi tendon organs
Encapsulated nerve endings woven among the collagen strands of the tendon near the musculotendinous junction Information is transmitted into the spinal cord by type Ib afferents 
39
Joint receptors 
Respond to mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments
40
Ruffini’s endings
In the joint capsule, tonic receptors Signal the extremes of joint range and respond more to passive than active movement
41
Paciniform corpuscles
In joints, Phasic receptors Respond to movement and are silent when joint position is constant
42
Ligament receptors
Similar to golgi tendon organs and signal tension
43
Free nerve endings
Most often stimulated by inflammation Multiple dendrites, one of the slowest conducting
44
Herpes Zoster or shingles
Components of varicella-zoster virus Irritates and inflames the nerve and nerve endings causing pain and loss of cutaneous small diameter afferents Virus released into the skin causing painful rash with eruptions Usually limited to one or two adjacent unilateral Dermatomes Infection is in dorsal root ganglion
45
Postherpetic neuralgia
Severe pain that persists longer than 120 days
46
Shingles treatments
Antiviral drugs, analgesic medications (glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, tramadol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids)
47
Neuropathy
Dysfunction or pathology of one or more peripheral nerves Lyrica used for neuropathic pain in feet Progabelin side effects: makes you slow and sleepy
48
Somatosensory gain of function
Hypersensitivity and or spontaneous pain
49
Somatosensory loss of function
Decreased or total loss of somatosensation Loss may be partial or complete
50
Sensory loss proceeds in the order of descending axon diameter
1. Conscious proprioception and light touch 2. Cold 3. Fast nociception (interpretated as sharp pain) 4. Heat 5. Slow nociception (interpreted as aching pain)
51
Ataxia
Incoordination that is not due to weakness 3 types: sensory, vestibular, cerebellar
52
Romberg test
Used to distinguish between cerebellar ataxia and sensory ataxia Sensory ataxia have better balance when eyes are open Cerebellar ataxia have difficulty maintain balance with eyes open and closed
53
Stenosis
Narrowing
54
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of spinal canal
55
Spondylosis
Arthritic changes to vertebral column
56
Coronary arterial stenosis
Blockage in coronary artery because of plaque build up In ppl with High cholesterol
57
Necrotic
When tissue dies leading to need for amputation
58
Stocking glove pattern
Ppl with diabetes Sensory loss, numbness, and pain or burning sensations in distal limbs
59
Axon type C
Slowest acting Small diameter and unmyelinated
60
Meissner’s corpuscles
Sensitive to light touch Phasic receptors
61
Merkel’s discs
Sensitive to pressure Tonic receptors
62
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Sensitive to stretching of the skin Detect slippage of object in hand Tonic receptors
63
Synovial joints
Most common Have synovial fluid surrounding joint in joint capsule Ex. Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee
64
Supraspinal
Helps control right amount of tension in muscle spindle

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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