Chapter 6

Question 1

Neural communication takes place at

Answer 1

Synopses an extra synaptic sites

Question 2

Synapse

Answer 2

Where a neuron and a postsynaptic cell communicate
Can either be electrical or chemical

Question 3

Electrical synapse

Answer 3

Occurs when two neurons are physically joined by gap junctions allowing current to spread between them almost instantaneously

Question 4

Chemical synapse

Answer 4

Most common
Comprises of presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters are released

Question 5

Postsynaptic potentials

Answer 5

Local potentials that occur due to changes in ion concentration across the postsynaptic membrane

Question 6

Depolarizing postsynaptic potentials

Answer 6

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials EPSPs

Question 7

Hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials

Answer 7

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials IPSPs

Question 8

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

Answer 8

Occurs when neurotransmitters bind to post synaptic Ligand gated ion channels allowing a local instantaneous flow of Na+ or Ca+ into the neuron
Less negative
Neuron releases acetylcholine ACh


Question 9

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Answer 9

hyperpolarization which reduces the possibility of an action potential
More negative
Involves a local flow of Cl- and or K+

Question 10

Summation of EPSPs

Answer 10

May result in action potential generation

Question 11

Summation of IPSPs

Answer 11

Well inhibit action potential generation

Question 12

Presynaptic facilitation

Answer 12

Allows more neurotransmitters to be released
Occurs when the presynaptic terminal of the second neuron is depolarized opening a voltage gated calcium channels

Question 13

Presynaptic inhibition

Answer 13

Allows less neurotransmitters to be released
Occurs when the presynaptic terminal of the second neuron becomes hyperpolarized

Question 14

Fast transmission

Answer 14

Occurs when neurotransmitters cause changes in postsynaptic neurons on a millisecond to minute time scale

Question 15

Slow transmission

Answer 15

Occurs when a Neuro transmitters cause changes that take hundreds of milliseconds to days to manifest
Due to activation of G protein coupled receptors

Question 16

G proteins

Answer 16

Sometimes activate ion channels
Activates second messengers
Affect long acting systems that regulate mood, pain perception, movement, motivation, cognition

Question 17

Second messengers can initiate

Answer 17

Activation of genes
Opening of membrane ion channels
Release calcium to regulate metabolism and other cellular processes

Question 18

Cotransmitters

Answer 18

When two or more neurotransmitters are released at the same synapse

Question 19

Acetylcholine

Answer 19

Major conveyor of information in the PNS
All lower motor neurons use ACH to elicit fast acting effects via ligand gated ion channels

Question 20

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 20

Fast acting
Respond to ACH
Selective activation of these receptors by nicotine
Are found at the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia and then some areas of the CNS are

Question 21

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 21

Slow acting
ACH has slow acting affect in the PNS that regulates heart rate and other autonomic functions via GPCRs
Regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular activity

Question 22

Glutamate

Answer 22

Main excitatory transmitter of the CNS
Has powerful excitatory affects on every region of the brain
Activates a class of GPCRs known as metatrophic glutamate receptors : Mediate slow transmission
Excess can case seizures (excitatory)
Receptor : NMDA

Question 23

GABA

Answer 23

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
Prevent excessive neural activity
Binds to 2 receptors: GABAa GABAb

Question 24

Glycine

Answer 24

both inhibitory and excitatory signaling
Glycine receptors are chloride ion channels that cause inhibition of postsynaptic membrane primarily in the basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal cord

Question 25

Amines

Answer 25

Amine neural transmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

Question 26

Dopamine

Answer 26

Affects motor activity, cognition, motivates behavior

Question 27

Norepinephrine

Answer 27

vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information Associated with Vigilance Essential in a fight or flight response Released by neurons in the sympathetic nervous system Receptors: Alpha and beta

Question 28

Serotonin

Answer 28

Affect sleep, general arousal level, cognition, perception, pain, motor activity, mood Highest levels of serotonin occur with alertness Low levels associated with REM sleep 5-HT receptor of serotonin

Question 29

SSRIs

Answer 29

Block reuptake of serotonin

Question 30

L Dopa

Answer 30

Supplement drug for dopamine Diminishes hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking Side effects: involuntary movements Dopamine agonist

Question 31

Opioids

Answer 31

inhibit neurons in the CNS that are involved in the perception of pain Ex. Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Question 32

Substance P

Answer 32

Released by injured tissue Stimulates nerve endings at site of injury Serves key role in perceiving pain

Question 33

Agonists

Answer 33

Drugs that mimic the action of neurotransmitters

Question 34

Antagonists

Answer 34

Drugs that block the ability of neurotransmitter to interact with its receptor

Question 35

ACh agonist

Answer 35

Nicotine

Question 36

Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist

Answer 36

Atropine

Question 37

Botulinum toxin

Answer 37

Botox Interferes with ACh signaling Used to improve movement abnormalities (ppl with cerebral palsy)

Question 38

Nitric oxide

Answer 38

Regulates vascular system in the periphery and active in the brain Involved in cell death and excitotoxicity

Question 39

Role of calcium in neurotransmitters

Answer 39

Allows neurotransmitters to be released

Question 40

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Answer 40

Antibodies destroy voltage gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic terminal Occurs in people with small cell cancers of lung

Question 41

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 41

Antibodies attack and destroy nicotine receptors on muscle cells Ptosis, muscle weakness, affected respiration, affected limb movements

Question 42

Ptosis

Answer 42

Drooping of the upper eyelid

Question 43

Myasthenia gravis treatment

Answer 43

Removal of thymus gland ACh inhibitors Plasmapheresis

Question 44

TENS transcutaneous electro nerve stimulation

Answer 44

Interrupts pain signals and relieves pain