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Neuroscience > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural communication takes place at

A

Synopses an extra synaptic sites

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2
Q

Synapse

A

Where a neuron and a postsynaptic cell communicate
Can either be electrical or chemical

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3
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Occurs when two neurons are physically joined by gap junctions allowing current to spread between them almost instantaneously

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4
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Most common
Comprises of presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters are released

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5
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

Local potentials that occur due to changes in ion concentration across the postsynaptic membrane

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6
Q

Depolarizing postsynaptic potentials

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials EPSPs

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7
Q

Hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials IPSPs

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8
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

A

Occurs when neurotransmitters bind to post synaptic Ligand gated ion channels allowing a local instantaneous flow of Na+ or Ca+ into the neuron
Less negative
Neuron releases acetylcholine ACh


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9
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

hyperpolarization which reduces the possibility of an action potential
More negative
Involves a local flow of Cl- and or K+

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10
Q

Summation of EPSPs

A

May result in action potential generation

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11
Q

Summation of IPSPs

A

Well inhibit action potential generation

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12
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Allows more neurotransmitters to be released
Occurs when the presynaptic terminal of the second neuron is depolarized opening a voltage gated calcium channels

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13
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

Allows less neurotransmitters to be released
Occurs when the presynaptic terminal of the second neuron becomes hyperpolarized

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14
Q

Fast transmission

A

Occurs when neurotransmitters cause changes in postsynaptic neurons on a millisecond to minute time scale

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15
Q

Slow transmission

A

Occurs when a Neuro transmitters cause changes that take hundreds of milliseconds to days to manifest
Due to activation of G protein coupled receptors

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16
Q

G proteins

A

Sometimes activate ion channels
Activates second messengers
Affect long acting systems that regulate mood, pain perception, movement, motivation, cognition

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17
Q

Second messengers can initiate

A

Activation of genes
Opening of membrane ion channels
Release calcium to regulate metabolism and other cellular processes

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18
Q

Cotransmitters

A

When two or more neurotransmitters are released at the same synapse

19
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Major conveyor of information in the PNS
All lower motor neurons use ACH to elicit fast acting effects via ligand gated ion channels

20
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Fast acting
Respond to ACH
Selective activation of these receptors by nicotine
Are found at the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia and then some areas of the CNS are

21
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Slow acting
ACH has slow acting affect in the PNS that regulates heart rate and other autonomic functions via GPCRs
Regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular activity

22
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory transmitter of the CNS
Has powerful excitatory affects on every region of the brain
Activates a class of GPCRs known as metatrophic glutamate receptors : Mediate slow transmission
Excess can case seizures (excitatory)
Receptor : NMDA

23
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
Prevent excessive neural activity
Binds to 2 receptors: GABAa GABAb

24
Q

Glycine

A

both inhibitory and excitatory signaling
Glycine receptors are chloride ion channels that cause inhibition of postsynaptic membrane primarily in the basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal cord

25
Q

Amines

A

Amine neural transmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

26
Q

Dopamine

A

Affects motor activity, cognition, motivates behavior

27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information
Associated with Vigilance
Essential in a fight or flight response
Released by neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
Receptors: Alpha and beta

28
Q

Serotonin

A

Affect sleep, general arousal level, cognition, perception, pain, motor activity, mood
Highest levels of serotonin occur with alertness
Low levels associated with REM sleep
5-HT receptor of serotonin

29
Q

SSRIs

A

Block reuptake of serotonin

30
Q

L Dopa

A

Supplement drug for dopamine
Diminishes hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking
Side effects: involuntary movements
Dopamine agonist

31
Q

Opioids

A

inhibit neurons in the CNS that are involved in the perception of pain
Ex. Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

32
Q

Substance P

A

Released by injured tissue
Stimulates nerve endings at site of injury
Serves key role in perceiving pain

33
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that mimic the action of neurotransmitters

34
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block the ability of neurotransmitter to interact with its receptor

35
Q

ACh agonist

A

Nicotine

36
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist

A

Atropine

37
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Botox
Interferes with ACh signaling
Used to improve movement abnormalities (ppl with cerebral palsy)

38
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Regulates vascular system in the periphery and active in the brain
Involved in cell death and excitotoxicity

39
Q

Role of calcium in neurotransmitters

A

Allows neurotransmitters to be released

40
Q

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

A

Antibodies destroy voltage gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic terminal
Occurs in people with small cell cancers of lung

41
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Antibodies attack and destroy nicotine receptors on muscle cells
Ptosis, muscle weakness, affected respiration, affected limb movements

42
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping of the upper eyelid

43
Q

Myasthenia gravis treatment

A

Removal of thymus gland
ACh inhibitors
Plasmapheresis

44
Q

TENS
transcutaneous electro nerve stimulation

A

Interrupts pain signals and relieves pain

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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