Chapter 26

Question 1

transient ischemic attack

Answer 1

(medical emergency) brief, focal loss of brain function with full recovery from neurologic deficits within 24 hours

Question 2

Completed stroke

Answer 2

neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist longer than 1 day and are stable

Question 3

Progressive stroke

Answer 3

deficits that increases intermittently over time due to repeated emboli or continued formation of a thrombus

Question 4

emboli

Answer 4

blood clots that formed elsewhere and move around by blood to a new location

Question 5

brain infarction

Answer 5

occurs when an embolus or thrombus lodges in a vessel, obstructing blood flow

Question 6

lacunar infarcts

Answer 6

obstructions of blood flow in small deep arteries

Question 7

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 7

bleeding into subarachnoid space
usually causes sudden excruciating headache with brief loss of consciousness

Question 8

watershed area

Answer 8

site of connection among distal branches of cerebral arteries
vulnerable to ischemia
lack of blood flow may cause upper limb paresis/paralysis, hypotension

Question 9

arteriovenous malformations

Answer 9

developmental abnormalities with arteries connected to veins by abnormal, thin-walled vessels

Question 10

aneurysm

Answer 10

dilation of the wall of an artery or vein
thin walls prone to rupture
saccular aneurysm is most common
berry aneurysm type of saccular aneurysm

Question 11

oxygen consumption

Answer 11

increases from brainstem to cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex more vulnerable to hypoxia

Question 12

cerebral arteries autoregulate local blood flow depending on 2 factors

Answer 12

blood pressure
metabolites

Question 13

cerebral edema

Answer 13

accumulation of excess tissue fluid in the brain
concussion frequent cause

Question 14

high altitude cerebral edema

Answer 14

frequently fatal form of altitude sickness
headache, weakness, disorientation, memory loss, hallucinations, psychotic behavior, coma, ataxia

Question 15

intracranial pressure

Answer 15

pressure within the skull
normal: between 5 and 15 mm Hg
greater than 20 is pathologic

Question 16

cingulate herniation

Answer 16

occurs when a mass in one hemisphere displaces the cingulate cortex under the flax cerebri

Question 17

uncal herniation

Answer 17

occurs when a space-occupying lesion in the temporal lobe displaces the uncus medially forcing it into the opening of the tentorium cerebelli

Question 18

central herniation

Answer 18

occurs when space-occupying lesion in the cerebrum exerts pressure on the diencephalon, moving the diencephalon, midbrain, and pons inferiorly

Question 19

tonsillar herniation

Answer 19

forcing of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
causes: pressure from uncal herniation, a tumor in the brainstem/cerebellar region, hemorrhage, edema

Question 20

blood flow to the brain can be evaluated by

Answer 20

PET scan
Angiography